Thomas Macdonough in the War of 1812

Thomas Macdonough in the War of 1812 A local of Delaware, Thomas MacDonough turned into a prominent official in the US Navy during the early piece of the nineteenth century. From a huge family, he followed a more established sibling into the administration and acquired a midshipmans warrant during the last a very long time of the Quasi-War with France. MacDonough later observed help in the First Barbary War where he served under Commodore Edward Preble and participated in the challenging strike which copied the caught frigate USS Philadelphia (36 weapons). Not long after the beginning of the War of 1812, he got order of American powers on Lake Champlain. Building armada, MacDonough won a conclusive triumph at the Battle of Plattsburgh in 1814 which saw him catch the whole British group. Early Life Conceived December 21, 1783 in northern Delaware, Thomas MacDonough was the child of Dr. Thomas and Mary McDonough. A veteran of the American Revolution, the senior McDonough presented with the position of major at the Battle of Long Island and was later injured at White Plains. Brought up in an exacting Episcopal family, the more youthful Thomas was taught locally and by 1799 was filling in as a store representative in Middletown, DE. As of now, his senior sibling James, a sailor in the US Navy, got back having lost a leg during the Quasi-War with France. This enlivened MacDonough to look for a vocation adrift and he applied for a midshipmans warrant with the guide of Senator Henry Latimer. This was allowed on February 5, 1800. Around this time, for obscure reasons, he changed the spelling of his last name from McDonough to MacDonough. Going to Sea Revealing on board USS Ganges (24), MacDonough cruised for the Caribbean in May. Through the late spring, Ganges, with Captain John Mullowny in order, caught three French trader vessels. With the finish of the contention in September, MacDonough stayed in the US Navy and moved to the frigate USS Constellation (38) on October 20, 1801. Cruising for the Mediterranean, Constellation served in Commodore Richard Dales group during the First Barbary War. First Barbary War While on board, MacDonough got exhaustive nautical instruction from Captain Alexander Murray. As the organization of the unit advanced, he got requests to join USS Philadelphia (36) in 1803. Instructed by Captain William Bainbridge, the frigate prevailing with regards to catching the Moroccan warship Mirboka (24) on August 26. Taking shore leave that fall, MacDonough was not on board Philadelphia when it grounded on a strange reef in Tripoli harbor and was caught on October 31. Without a boat, MacDonough was before long reassigned to the sloop USS Enterprise (12). Serving under Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, he helped in the catch of the Tripolitan ketch Mastico in December. This prize was soon refitted as USS Intrepid (4) and joined the unit. Worried that Philadelphia would be rescued by the Tripolitans, the unit officer, Commodore Edward Preble, started detailing an arrangement to dispose of the stricken frigate. This called for Decatur to sneak into Tripoli harbor utilizing Intrepid, raging the boat, and setting it on fire in the event that it couldn't spared. Acquainted with Philadelphias format, MacDonough chipped in for the assault and assumed a key job. Pushing ahead, Decatur and his men prevailing with regards to consuming Philadelphia on February 16, 1804. A staggering achievement, the assault was named the most strong and brave demonstration of the Age by British Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson. Peacetime Elevated to acting lieutenant as far as concerns him in the assault, MacDonough before long joined the brig USS Syren (18). Restoring the United States in 1806, he helped Captain Isaac Hull in administering the development of gunboats at Middletown, CT. Soon thereafter, his advancement to lieutenant was made changeless. Finishing his task with Hull, MacDonough got his first order in the sloop of war USS Wasp (18). At first working in the waters around Britain, Wasp spent a lot of 1808 off the United States authorizing the Embargo Act. Withdrawing Wasp, MacDonough spent piece of 1809 on board USS Essex (36) preceding leaving the frigate to coordinate gunboat development at Middletown. With the nullification of the Embargo Act in 1809, the US Navy decreased its powers. The next year, MacDonough mentioned leave and went through two years as the commander of a British vendor vessel cruising to India. The War of 1812 Begins Coming back to well-trained in no time before the start of the War of 1812 in June 1812, MacDonough at first got a presenting on Constellation. Fitting out at Washington, DC, the frigate required a while of work before being prepared for ocean. Excited partake in the battling, MacDonough before long mentioned an exchange and quickly directed gunboats at Portland, ME before being requested to assume responsibility for US maritime powers on Lake Champlain that October. Showing up at Burlington, VT, his powers were constrained to the sloops USS Growler (10) and USS Eagle (10). In spite of the fact that little, his order was adequate to control the lake. This circumstance changed profoundly on June 2, 1813, when Lieutenant Sidney Smith lost the two vessels close Ile aux Noix. Building a Fleet Elevated to ace commandant on July 24, MacDonough started huge a shipbuilding exertion at Otter Creek, VT with an end goal to recover the lake. This yard delivered the corvette USS Saratoga (26), the sloop of war USS Eagle (20), the boat USS Ticonderoga (14), and a few gunboats by pre-summer 1814. This exertion was coordinated by his British partner, Commander Daniel Pring, who started his own structure program at Ile aux Noix. Moving south in mid-May, Pring endeavored to assault the American shipyard yet was driven off by MacDonoughs batteries. Finishing his vessels, MacDonough moved his unit of fourteen warships over the lake to Plattsburgh, NY to anticipate Prings next foray south. Out-gunned by the Americans, Pring pulled back to anticipate the finish of the frigate HMS Confiance (36). Standoff at Plattsburgh As Confiance approached fruition, British powers drove by Lieutenant General Sir George Pr㠩vost started assembling with the expectation of attacking the United States by means of Lake Champlain. As Pr㠩vosts men walked south, they would be provided and secured by British maritime powers presently drove by Captain George Downie. To contradict this exertion, gravely dwarfed American powers, directed by Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, expected a protective situation close Plattsburgh. They were upheld by MacDonough who showed his armada in Plattsburgh Bay. Progressing on August 31, Pr㠩vosts men, which incorporated an enormous number of the Duke of Wellingtons veterans, were hampered by an assortment of deferring strategies utilized by the Americans. Showing up close Plattsburgh on September 6, their underlying endeavors were turned around by Macomb. Talking with Downie, Pr㠩vost proposed to assault the American lines in power on September 10 working together with a maritime exertion against MacDonough in the sound. MacDonoughs Plan Hindered by horrible breezes, Downies ships couldn't progress on the ideal date and had to defer a day. Mounting less long weapons than Downie, MacDonough took a situation in Plattsburgh Bay where he accepted his heavier, however shorter range carronades would be best. Upheld by ten little gunboats, he set Eagle, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, and the sloop Preble (7) in a north-south line. For each situation, two grapples were utilized alongside spring lines to allow the vessels to turn while at stay. In the wake of exploring the American situation on the morning of September 11, Downie decided to push ahead. The Fleets Engage Going around Cumberland Head at 9:00 AM, Downies group comprised of Confiance, the brig HMS Linnet (16), the sloops HMS Chubb (10) and HMS Finch (11), and twelve gunboats. As the Battle of Plattsburgh started, Downie at first looked to put Confiance over the leader of the American line, yet moving breezes forestalled this and he rather accepted a situation inverse Saratoga. As the two leaders started battering one another, Pring had the option to cross before Eagle with Linnet while Chubb was immediately crippled and caught. Finch moved to take a situation over the tail of MacDonoughs line yet floated south and grounded on Crab Island. MacDonoughs Victory While Confiances first broadsides harmed Saratoga, the two boats kept on exchanging blows with Downie being executed when a gun was crashed into him. Toward the north, Pring started shooting at Eagle with the American vessel incapable to go to viably counter. At the far edge of the line, Preble was constrained to pull back from the battle by Downies gunboats. These were at last ended by decided fire from Ticonderoga. Under overwhelming fire, Eagle cut off its stay lines and started to float down the American line allowing Linnet to rake Saratoga. With the vast majority of his starboard firearms down and out, MacDonough utilized his spring lines to turn his lead. Bringing his intact portside firearms to hold up under, MacDonough started shooting at Confiance. The survivors on board the British leader tried to direct a comparative turn however got stayed with the frigates powerless harsh introduced to Saratoga. Unequipped for additional obstruction, Confiance struck its hues. Rotating Saratoga a subsequent time, MacDonough presented its broadside as a powerful influence for Linnet. With his boat out-gunned and seeing that further opposition was worthless, Pring chose to gave up. Having picked up the high ground, the Americans continued to catch the whole British group. Outcome MacDonoughs triumph coordinated that of Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry who had won a comparable triumph on Lake Erie the past September. Shorewards, Pr㠩vosts introductory endeavors were postponed or turned around. Learning of Downies rout, he chose for sever the fight as he felt any triumph would be pointless a

English Literature Essay

Depict the contemporary training framework as it shows up toward the start of ‘Hard Times’. How does Dickens show his dislike for this framework up to the finish of part four? Difficult situations resembles a few different Dickens books, it’s brimming with social analysis. Writing in the 1850’s, Charles Dickens was concentrating for the most part on the Industrial Revolution in progress. As the title recommends, this novel is about cruel occasions. Dickens utilizes the rule of utilitarianism all through the novel. Utilitarianism is a way of thinking which contends that all human action, including learning, ought to be helpful in the down to earth sense. Dickens is a social pundit and all his different books reprimand establishments somehow or another or another, for example, in ‘Nicholas Nickelby’. The title ‘Hard Times’ proposes they were living in some extremely brutal occasions, what with industrialism in transit. Dickens’ theory is formed from the characters in the book. The two businesspeople have faith in this way of thinking which demonstrates that when you encourage you need to utilize realities and estimations. This way of thinking ends up being a childish one, which just spotlights on reasonable learning. Dickens is mindful and comprehends this general public. He has created three areas to their novel: †planting, harvesting and accumulating. The planting segment is the setting down and dissipating of the seeds, essentially the educating and thoughts. This implies you are planting them down for the future and permitting them to develop. The procuring area shows the reaping of the seeds and cutting them with the goal for them to become speedier. As such, dickens has taken an agrarian view to depict how the training strategies are influencing the youngsters. The last area, collecting, is the considering of the exercises that are found out. There is a popular saying ‘you procure what you sow’. This superbly depicts this circumstance with the framework and Gradgrind. He procures what he’s planted, which is his family being destroyed toward the finish of the novel. We discover that this framework is a bombing one. It depends primarily on utilitarianism and everything they do is power realities onto the youngsters. The point of the framework is to make kids who resemble models or robots. Mr Thomas Gradgrind is a businessperson who has lived by and bolsters utilitarianism in educating. He claims a school which his little girl Louisa and child Thomas join in. The school’s standards are additionally founded on realities yet as we understand up to the finish of part four, this strategy isn’t working. Dickens gives the name Gradgrind to give us that he is slowly crushing ceaselessly the children’s opportunity. I will currently break down how dickens shows his abhorrence for this training framework The primary section is called ‘The One Thing Needful’. Dickens suggests that the one thing needful is realities. He is being snide and in doing as such, he’s additionally made the first letter of each word in quite a while.

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Critical Analysis of Systems Companies Financial Statements

INANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS Financial Ratio Analysis William F. Slater, III ACC 529 – Accounting for Managerial Decision Making University of Phoenix Week 5 Assignment for ePortfolio Michael Greenen, C.P.A, C.F.P. - Instructor July 1, 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Memorandum Profitability of Sample Company Sample Company ROI for 2000 Sample Company ROI for 2001 Stock Performance Activity of Sample Company Leverage of Sample Company Liquidity of Sample Company What Is Necessary to Assess the Company? What Ratios Have the Most Value? What Other Factors, Beyond Ratios, Need To Be Considered? How†¦show more content†¦| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Systems Company ROI for 2008 | | |ROI | = |MARGIN |x |TURNOVER | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OPERATING INCOME | = |Operating Income |x |Sales | | | | | | | | | | | | |Input: |924 | = |924 |x |10,359 | | | |Result:|10.7% | = |8.9% |x |1.20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At over 55.1%, the increase in ROI between 2007 and 2008 is remarkable and shows that Systems Company Plc increased its sales while increasing the utilization of itsShow MoreRelatedApplication For Making An Organization Context1719 Words   |  7 Pages bar chart will be used to analyze information. Question for the CR Which food you like in the restaurant CR has targeted almost all classed people as their target customers. On this basis, they have manufactured their products. From the product analysis, it has been clear that people like various types of food in the restaurant and they are willing to buy well for with a high price. 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Violence in Sports - 1840 Words

Level 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where you are in the world, when you ask someone what they know of NZ, they will respond with either â€Å"kiwi†, â€Å"green† or â€Å"rugby/All Blacks.† The main idea of my essay is that violence in sport is becoming too violent so is therefore ruining the game. The aim of my essay is to evaluate how rugby and violence in sport are impacted and related and if violence in sport is ruining rugby in NZ. 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YES There should be nothing violent about sporting, yet today violent sports has so dominated   the entertainment arena, that some people seems to live by it, and cant get enough of it. These kinds of sports however, should be banned for several reasons.   Violence begets violence, and once there are  limited restrictions, generations after generations will be caught in aRead MoreDeviance in Hockey2210 Words   |  9 PagesViolence in ice hockey has been an identifying staple in the sport since â€Å"the first hockey leagues formed in the mid-1880’s,† (Ice Hockey Origins, Growth and Changes in the Game). Since the modern era of hockey, and the creation of the Stanley Cup, hockey has been viewed as one of the most violent sports in western civilization. Clarence Campbell, former NHL President has even said that â€Å"[w]ithout violence, there would be no such thing as hockey,† (Coakley). To an extent hockey is unmatched in illegal

Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems Free Essays

string(151) " view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s\." We gratefully acknowledge the assistance given to us by many people in this research project. More specifically, we would like to thank Mr Ahmad Rasidi Hazizi, Consul-General of Malaysia in Hong Kong, Dato Zaninol Abidn Bin Abd. Rashid, General Secretary of the Ministry of Human Resources, Mr Shamsuddin Bardan, Executive Director of the Malaysian Employers Federation, Mr Zainal Rampak, President of the Malaysian Trades Union Congress and Dr William K. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now M. LEE, Associate Professor of Department of Politics Sociology, Lingnan University.In particular, we would like to express our gratitude to Prof Chang Chak Yan, Director of the Research Programme on Ethnicity and Overseas Chinese Economics, Lingnan University for his kind assistance. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. There is no unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. The Government is of the view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s. You read "Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems" in category "Papers"Hence, there does not appear a need to establish an unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. Related welfare benefits in Malaysia include severance pay, benefits for old age, disability, death, employment injury and invalidity. However, no cash assistance is made to the unemployed under the relevant schemes. Malaysia also runs a programme to eradicate poverty. Households which suffer from poverty, whether or not it is caused by unemployment, can apply for assistance under the programme, subject to a means-test.This may secure the basic needs of the unemployed but the programme is not unemployment-specific. 2. 3. 4. UNEMPLOYMENT-RELATED BENEFITS SYSTEMS IN MALAYSIA PART 1 – INTRODUCTION 1. Background 1. 1 In October 1999, the Panel on Manpower and the Penal on Welfare Services requested the Research and Library Services (RLS) Division of the Legislative Council (LegCo) Secretariat to conduct a study on unemployment-related benefits systems. 2. 2. 1 Objectives and Scope The objectives of the study are: ! ! ! o examine the experience of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Malaysia, South Korea, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) in implementing their unemployment-related benefits systems; to outline the research findings of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in unemployment benefits systems; and to make an overall comparative analysis of the experience in the above places in implementing their unemployment-related benefits systems, and study current provisions in h elping the unemployed in Hong Kong. .The scope of the research, as agreed by the Panels, covers ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! historical development; main features and components; eligibility requirements; types of benefits and amounts; duration of payment of benefits; tax treatment of the benefits; source of funds for the benefits; and administration of the unemployment-related benefits systems. Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 2. 3 In this report, we focus on the experience of Malaysia. Although Malaysia s a member country of the International Labour Organization, it has not ratified any of the three conventions concerning unemployment benefits1. 2. 4 This report is part of the series of studies discussing unemploymentrelated benefits systems. There are 11 separate research reports (RP13/99-00 to RP23/99-00) on this subject. 2. 5 In this research, â€Å"unemployment-related benefits† refer to unemployment benefits and related welfare benefits. Unemployment benefits comprise unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance. Unemployment benefits are available to the unemployed only.In other words, these benefits are not available to people who are not unemployed. The recipient must be currently unemployed, able to work, willing to work and looking for work. Where there are no unemployment benefits or where these benefits are exhausted, welfare benefits may be made available to provide subsistence for those in need. These related welfare benefits, as defined in the 1996 OECD study of â€Å"benefit systems and work incentives†, include family benefits, housing benefits, child-care benefits and social assistance.They are made available to all citizens subject to a means-test, and are not specifically targeted at the unemployed. 3. Methodology 3. 1 This study involves a combination of information collection, literature review and analysis. Requests for the necessary information have also been obtained from the Malaysian Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity, Ministry of Human Resources, the Malaysia Trades Union Congress (MTUC) and the Malaysian Employers Federation. This research report is based on the information obtained from these sources. . 2 In this report, we use the 1999 average exchange rate of RM1 = HK$2. 04 to convert the Malaysian Ringgit into Hong Kong dollar. 2 1 2 Ensuring Benefit or Allowances to the Involuntarily Unemployed Convention, 1934 (No. 44), Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), and Employment Promotion and Protection (Unemployment) Convention, 1988 (No. 168). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, February 2000, p. 117. Research and Library Services Division page 2 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 2 – UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA 4. Background 4. 1 In 1999, Malaysia had a population of 22 million, of which nine million were active labour. The unemployment rate ranged from 2. 4% to 3. 2% for the past five years. The government estimates the figure to be 3% in 2000. There were 270 300 persons unemployed in 1999. Table 1 shows unemployment statistics of Malaysia for the past five years. Table 1 – Unemployment in Malaysia 1995 Labour force (‘000) Unemployment Rate (%) Unemployed Persons (‘000) Source: 996 8 641. 4 2. 5 216. 0 1997 9 038. 2 2. 4 216. 9 1998 8 880. 9 3. 2 284. 1 1999 9 010. 0 3. 0 270. 3 8 256. 6 3. 1 256. 0 Economic Reports, Ministry of Finance, Malaysia 4. 2 The Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates ranged from seven to nine percent in the past ten years. The GDP at current prices in 1999 was RM299. 68 billion (HK$611. 35 billion) while the per capita GDP was RM13,622 (HK$27,789). 5. Unemployment Benefits System 5. 1 There is no unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. 5. The Government is of the view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s. Hence, there does not appear to be a need to establish an unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. Research and Library Services Division page 3 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 3 – WELFARE BENEFITS SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA 6. Severance Pay 6. 1 In Malaysia both the employers and the employees regard severance pay as a form of unemployment-related benefit. . 2 All workers whose earnings do not exceed RM1,500 a month and all manual workers irrespective of their earnings are covered under the Employment Act 1955 which provides for severance pay. Severance pay in Malaysia is known as retrenchment benefits, or termination and lay-off benefits, which are paid at the following rates: ! 10 days wages for each year of service for employment shorter than two years; 15 days wages for each year of service for employment longer than two years but shorter than five years; and 20 days wages for each year of service for employment of five years or longer. ! ! 6. It is expected that the severance pay would be sufficient to meet the basic needs of an unemployed worker until he finds the next job. However, it should be noted that severance pay is not equivalent to unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance as defined in paragraph 2. 5 above. Payment of severance pay does not require the employer or the recipient employee to have made prior contrib utions; neither does it require the recipient employee to be able to work, willing to work and looking for work in order to receive payment. Severance pay is made to an employee solely on the basis of termination of contract by the employer. . Employees Provident Fund 7. 1 This fund provides benefits for old age, disability and death. It also provides members of the fund who have savings in their accounts to pay for medical treatment of critical illness or to pay for the medical treatment of their spouse, children and parents. However, it does not provide cash assistance to any employee who is temporarily and involuntarily out of work and who is looking for work at the same time. Details of the Employee Provident Fund are at Appendix I. Research and Library Services Division page 4 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 8. Work Injury Insurance 8. 1 In Malaysia work injury insurance is treated as a kind of employmentrelated benefit. The Social Security Organization (or SOCSO), a statutory body, administers payment of benefits under the Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme. These schemes provide benefits to workers in cases of employment injury and invalidity. Hence, although these two schemes are not unemployment-specific, an unemployed worker who was injured or who has become invalid during his immediate past employment may receive benefits under these schemes.Details of these two schemes are at Appendix II. 9. Services for the Poor 9. 1 The Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity runs a programme to relieve destitution. Under the Destitute Person Act 1977, a family is categorized as poor if the household monthly income of the family is less than RM460 (HK$938). Families who suffer from poverty due to unemployment, amongst other causes such as old age, illness and disability, may apply for assistance under this programme. According to available statistics, the number of people who would be categorized as poor in Malaysia is around 5. % (1. 2 million) out of the total population of 22 million. 9. 2 The poverty eradication programme provides the following assistance, which may be in cash or in kind: Table 2 – Services for the Poor Federal Scheme ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Assistance for children Assistance for the elderly Allowance for the disabled workers Launching grants Assistance for artificial aids / spectacles Public assistance* School aids* Assistance to youth* (apprenticeship) Natural disaster relief ? ? ? ? State Scheme** Public assistance School aids Job training apprenticeship allowance Natural disaster reliefRemarks: * ** Source: available only in Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur except Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan Homepage of Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity, Malaysia Research and Library Services Division page 5 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 9. 3 We have asked for details about the above programme but we have been unable to rec eive a reply from the Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity as of the date of the publication of this report.Research and Library Services Division page 6 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 4 – PROPOSAL FOR A NATIONAL RETRENCHMENT SCHEME 10. 1 In February 1998 the Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC) proposed the establishment of a National Retrenchment Scheme (NRS) to provide benefits to unemployed workers who do not receive any compensation from their employers. This proposal was made against the background of half of the claims to severance pay having been denied in 1998 owing to bankruptcy of the employer. The proposed NRS shows some characteristics of an unemployment insurance scheme, such as being contributory in nature, and with qualifying conditions on the eligibility of the recipients and the duration of payment of benefits. Payment are detailed as follows: ! Both employers and employees are each to contribute RM1 (HK$2. 04) per month; Only unemployed workers can receive benefits after having been unemployed for more than three months; An unemployed worker may receive the benefits until he finds a new job; and Once a retrenched worker receives a job offer but refuses to accept it, he would no longer be entitled to the benefits. ! ! 10. 2 The Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) opposed the proposed NRS because it considered that the present legislation provided sufficient protection to the unemployed and that it would be unfair for all employers to shoulder the misfortune of a few employers. In addition, the MEF considered that the proposed NRS would increase labour cost, which in turn would increase production cost, and would discourage investment in Malaysia. 10. 3 In early 1999, the Malaysian Cabinet directed the Ministry of Human Resources to study the possible implementation of the NRS, reversing an earlier decision to reject the proposal.Having completed the study in July 1999, the Ministry of Human Resources announced that the proposal would be shelved for some time as the economy had shown signs of picking up and that there appeared no imminent need to establish any unemployment insurance scheme. No definite decision has been made on the proposal since. Research and Library Services Division page 7 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Appendix I Employees Provident Fund 1. Under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1951, it is compulsory for all employers and employees to contribute towards this Fund.The employer’s contribution is 12% and the employee’s contribution is 11% his monthly wages. General supervision is by Ministry of Finance and management is by a tripartite gover ning Board, consisting of representatives of the employer, the employee and the Government. Exemptions 2. The following categories of workers are exempted from the EPF Act: ! ! ! ! Expatriates; Domestic servants; Self-employed workers (but can elect to contribute); Out-workers (persons who do cleaning, alteration repair works, etc. ); Persons detained in custody, e. g. prisoners; Pensioners. ! ! Withdrawal of EPF 3.Withdrawal of EPF can be made in four circumstances: ! Upon the death of a contributor, his nominee can make a claim to EPF; Any contributor who attains the age of 55 years (old age benefit); Any contributor who leaves the country permanently; Any contributor on medical grounds subject to approval by a medical board. ! ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 8 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Qualifying conditions for withdrawal of EPF contributions 4. made: Four conditions must be fulfilled before withdrawal of the EPF can be !The contributor must have contributed to the EPF for at least five years; The first category of old age benefits, which is equivalent to 60% of his contribution, cannot be withdrawn until age 55; The second category of housing benefits, which is equivalent to 30% of his contribution, can be withdrawn for purposes of purchase of a first residential house or a shophouse cum residential unit; the balance may be withdrawn at age 50; The third category of medical benefits, which is equivalent to 10% of his contribution, can be withdrawn for medical purposes including critical illnesses such as treatment of cancer, heart problems, etc. pproved by the tripartite governing Board. ! ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 9 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Appendix II Social Security Organization (or SOCSO): Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme 1. The Social Security Organization (SOCSO) Act 1969 requires firms with one or more employees whose individual earnings do not exceed RM1,000 (HK$2,040) a month to register with SOCSO. Exemptions !Any persons whose wages exceed RM2,000 a month but who has never been covered; Any person whose employment is of a casual nature and not for purposes of the industry; Domestic servants; Employees who have attained the age of 55 years only for purposes of invalidity but if they continue to work they should be covered under the Employment Injury Insurance Scheme; Foreign workers; Government servants; Self-employed. ! ! ! ! ! ! Qualifying Conditions ! Minimum contribution of 24 months. For those who have made at least 12 monthly contributions, they are entitled to Invalidity Grant. Be less than 55 years of age at the time of invalidity or death.Invalidity must be determined by the Medical Board or Appellate Medical Board. ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 10 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Employment Injury Insurance Scheme Contribution Employer’s contribution Employee’s contribution Coverage Industrial accidents; Occupational diseases; Travelling accidents Benefits Temporary Benefit Disablement 1. 25% of monthly wage Nil employee Invalidity Pension Scheme 0. 5% of employee monthly wage 0. 5% of employee monthly wage Invalidity or death from whatever cause Invalidity Pension Min. RM250 (HK$510)/month Max. RM1,268 (HK$2,587)/month (50% 65% of his average monthly wage, depending on the total number of contributions) Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day, Max. RM52 (HK$106)/day Permanent Disablement Benefit Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day; Max. 90% of the average assumed daily wage Dependant’s Benefit Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day; Max. 90% of the average assumed daily wage Survivor’s Pension Min. RM250(HK$510)/month Max. RM1,268 (HK$2,587)/month (50% 65% of his average monthly wage, depending on the total number of contributions) — Research and Library Services Division page 11 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Employment Injury Insurance Scheme Medical Care According to Government Hospital rates or SOCSO’s Panel Clinic Funeral Benefit Lump sum payment of RM1,500 (HK$3,060) Constant-Attendance Allowance 40% of the daily rate of permanent total disablement benefit; max. RM500 (HK$1,020) Rehabilitation Benefit Facilities for vocational and physical rehabilitation Education Benefit A dependant child of an insured person receiving permanent Disablement benefit/Dependant Benefit/Invalidity Pension/Survivor’s Pension, below 21 years of age who is studying in a local institution of higher learningInvalidity Pension Scheme — Funeral Benefit Lump sum payment of RM1,500 (HK$3,060) Constant-Attendance Allowance 40% of the daily rate of Invalidity Pension Max. RM500 (HK$1,020)/month Rehabilitation Benefit Facilities for vocational and physical rehabilitation Education Benefit A dependant child of an insured person receiving permanent Disablement benefit/Dependant Benefit/Invalidity Pension/Survivor’s Pension, below 21 years of age who is studying in a local institution of higher learningSource: Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia home page at Research and Library Services Division page 12 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in MalaysiaReferences Websites 1. 2. 3. http://www. kempadu. gov. my/ http://www. jaring. my/ http://www. mtuc. org. my/ Research and Library Services Division page 13 How to cite Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems, Papers

Role of Women in the Society an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Role of Women in the Society Women must have the most complicated cluster in the society. The past few decades have defined the meaning of womanhood which gave the society an idea on the essence of women in domesticity alone. This meaning, however, has put women in the pedestal and while it placed them in the marginalized sector of the society. If men 's function is to provide for the family, women on the other hand, still have no permanent role. This is the reason, most probably, why the society still has the same connotation about women and the perception remains vague even after centuries of existence. Need essay sample on "Role of Women in the Society" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The society oftentimes views women merely based on what the culture has taught them. Unfortunately, history and culture dressed and named women based on how the people wanted women to function in the society. As women portrayed the role of the oppressed and vulnerable, this image gave the society the negative perception. Women lived in a world full of double standards and expectations from them. The society expects them to play the role of a wife to her husband and a mother to her children by taking care of the family 's domestic needs. Moreover, the society scrutinizes how women would take care of their bodies and physical appearance and how they present themselves. Women have become the symbol of beauty and domesticity, which at the same manner, also become the measurement of their womanhood. In the poem Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy, the misconception of women about their looks was presented. The fancy and materialistic world gives young women an idea of unrealistic societal norms of feminine beauty. The poem described how people expect women to have a standard physical feature in order to fit in the society. And as such, physical beauty has defined womanhood. Unfortunately, most of the women in the society are trying to conform to the standard physical features set by the people for women. The poem shows how the society expects a girl to possess the desired qualities of female using the Barbie Doll as an ideal image. A Barbie Doll possesses a perfect body shape and flawless facial beauty. The girl in the poem died and only then the society viewed her as pretty because she was wearing a make-up and lingerie in colors pink and white that represented purity and femininity. This tragic story of a lady in the poem symbolizes how women make themselves pleasing and adorable in t he watchful eyes of society (Piercy, 1999). On the other hand, the unequal and uncivil treatment of women in marriages was presented in short story Sweat. It is a short story of a woman who had been doing domestic work for his wife and for other people in the community. One of the functions of women is domesticity. And as such, this story presents how women are treated by their husbands and how the society perceived them as wives and as women. This story also shows how the society deprived women of their rights by making them serve their husbands, while doing service for the entire community. Women also experience spousal abuse, but this was always considered as personal matters that should be fixed by the couple alone. Sweat reveals the disturbing role of women in the society in times when all their grievances were still kept and remained unheard. However, the main character symbolizes how women endured the hardships of being married to a husband who no longer treats her as a wife and emerged brave in facing the society that views her as hapless (Hurston& Wall, 1997). Moreover, in the novel Siddharta by Hermann Hesse, the author gave another brief account of the society 's perception about women. Kamala, the female character in the book portrays a lady who taught Siddharta about physical love and served as his guide in finding the person who gave him an idea about business. In this book, women were presented as flirtatious and demanding because Kamala requested Siddhartha to offer her nice clothes, shoes, and money before she gave him what he really wanted from her. It shows that women should be given material things first before men can win their affection. Although, Kamala showed her concern for Siddhartha by helping him fulfill his needs and assisting him to discover his skills, women are still perceived in negative way because of how Kamala was portrayed in the novel (Hesse, 1957). These three stories are just examples of how the society views women. The way the society views women in physical, emotional, and marital aspect has become the constructed reality for women that always leave them with two choices, either to conform or to evade the standard. Unfortunately, women 's beauty, body and domesticity have been the measurement in recognizing the importance of women 's role in the society. References Hesse, H. (1957). Siddhartha. New York: New Directions Publishing. Hurston, Z. N.& Wall, C. A. (1997). Sweat. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press Piercy, M. (1999). Barbie Doll. In Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal : an Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture (pp. 36-37). USA: Universal Publishers.

The Importance of Cover Design Professionals

The Importance of Cover Design Professionals "The importance of hiring a cover design professional": An interview with Rachel Lawston The range of freelancer talent available for independent authors today is astonishing. Designer Rachel Lawston, who we interview today, is a perfect example of that. After working in-house for Penguin Random House, she is now freelance and works both for big publishers (HarperCollins) and indie authors. But is it really worth it, for an independent author with a limited budget to invest in such a talented professional for the cover design? We, at Reedsy, firmly believe it is.As we discuss in the interview, many covers out there look very similar. Self-published books are still very much stigmatised by certain spheres of the publishing industry, and that is mainly due to the quality of the books’ production (i.e. the cover, because that is the first thing you see). Rachel shares her views on that, and more, in this very insightful interview.Hi Rachel, great to have you here. You’re one of our best childrens and YA designers on Reedsy. And you’ve worked both in-hou se and as a freelancer. How did you get started in book design?Wow thank you so much, that is very kind of you to say! My first role in publishing was an assistant designer position at Walker Books. I was very lucky as I was trained by some very talented and wonderful people there and their books are so creative.You’ve worked in-house for Penguin Random House for over 3 years, and have now gone freelance. What do you reckon is the proportion of designers/editors who have done just that in the past few years? Gosh that is a tough question to answer – I honestly don’t know. I have noticed a lot of excitement and interest over the growth of new media, and different ways of working, perhaps that has caused more people to go freelance?You work both for big publishers, independent ones, and indie authors. Are there any differences in the way you approach things with these different clients? What’s your typical way of working with an indie author? I always treat every book with the same level of respect and careful attention that it needs to become the best it can be, regardless of whether it is a big publisher, independent or an indie author. Some books need more time than others, but that it is the nature of book design. Publishers and independent authors have their own very individual working styles and demands which make them exciting and a pleasure to work with.One of the nicest things about working with indie authors, is that they often take an active role in the creative process. I really enjoy working in collaboration with indie authors because the experience is so different to working with a publisher. For instance, I don’t think I can ever really explain the feeling of immense satisfaction I feel when I design a book cover for an indie author. When you directly work for an author, you witness their journey.When working with an indie author I always design a package around their individual book/series, with the their object ives and their budget in mind. If the author is based near to me, I always try to meet them (often in a bookshop!) so that we can discuss ideas, outline their aims and how they want to publish their book.I really like this sentence on your Reedsy profile: â€Å"You’ll have all the benefits of my experience, understanding of brand management, post-production and project management†. Do you think that when working with indie authors, designers have to be more than just graphic artists?Thank you! I feel it is important to support my authors as much as I am able. My experience means that I am able to offer these services.I think that the â€Å"you need an editor† message has really sunk in for most (serious) indie authors out there. However, many of them are still trying to make cuts on cover design and interior layout. Is it really worth it for an indie author with a limited budget to invest in a proper graphic design professional?Gosh, that is a tough question! I always feel very mean when I tell people about the importance of hiring a design professional, as I realise not everyone has the budget to do so.I believe that an eye-catching, well-crafted, well-designed cover increases the value of a book to readers and booksellers. A book cover should receive as much careful attention as it needs to become the best it can be, just like the text within.A professional designer will ensure you’re completely happy with your book before it goes to press because your book matters to them, and their final design reflects that.I do understand that some authors may not have the budget to pay the full fee for my services, which is why I create packages around each individual author, to suit their objectives and their budget.We discussed this in our last interview with a designer: Stewart Williams, and I’d love to have your thoughts on it: do you think there is a lack of originality in book covers out there? Are publishers/authors afraid to tr y new things in terms of design?I definitely agree with Stewarts comment â€Å"I think there’s only a small window of time in which you can emulate an idea and still be successful. The rest of the time you’ve got to try something different. It is a risk, and although people have to take risks, they usually don’t want to be the first one.†I think it’s very important to be the first rather than the second! The last thing an author wants, if for their book to be lost amongst similar looking books!Do you prefer working directly with the author (and the author only), or working under the structure of a traditional publisher and interacting with the author, the editorial team, the marketing department, etc.?I love variety. One of the best things about being a freelancer is the diversity of work. I enjoy working with both indie authors and publishers equally!How do you see the future of children’s book publishing? Is it print books, apps, both? I s ee apps and ebooks as another format – like a hardback or paperback. I think there will always be print books.And how do you see the future of graphic design within children’s book publishing? Will designers also be formatters, app developers, or even publishers?I actually know a couple of designers who already work as publishers! One of the best things about being a designer in children’s publishing is that you are such valued part of the team.Thanks so much for taking this time for us!Follow Reedsy and Rachel on TwitterLearn more about book cover design, book layout design, typography or illustration on Reedsy. Click on our design links!Check out our Facebook page for daily posts, images, and videos on self-publishing and book marketing!How do you see the future of children’s books? Do you agree that covers out there, in general, look too similar? Do you think it is worth investing in professional cover design? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!

The Many Meanings of the French Subject Pronoun On

The Many Meanings of the French Subject Pronoun On More often than not, the modern uses of the French subject pronoun â€Å"on† is a mystery to students of French. Traditional methods teach that â€Å"on† means â€Å"one†. But in today’s French, â€Å"on† is mostly used instead of â€Å"we†. Actually, â€Å"we† is becoming more and more formal, used mostly for writing. When speaking, we use â€Å"on†. Here is how â€Å"on† works 1. On = 3rd person singular verb (ilverb form) The first thing to understand when it comes to â€Å"on†, is that no matter its meaning, â€Å"on† will ALWAYS take a 3rd person singular verb form, like â€Å"il† and â€Å"elle†. On doit, on a, on peut... We must, we have, we can... 2. On = one, people (you) This is the old explanation for â€Å"on†. Honestly, how often do you use the English â€Å"one† in a sentence? So â€Å"on† is the â€Å"impersonal, the unspecific† subject pronoun, but watch out! It’s not at all the same thing as â€Å"it† in English, which refers to a thing or an animal. â€Å"On† always refers to a person. On doit bien chercher - One has to look carefullyOn peut louer une voiture - it’s possible to rent a car In this meaning, you could also translate â€Å"on† as â€Å"people†, or even â€Å"you† - not meaning â€Å"you† in particular, but an unspecific â€Å"you†... that would be a bit more modern than â€Å"one†! En geÃŒ neÃŒ ral, quand on a des enfants, on a une voiture - in general, when people/you have children, people/you have a car. 3. On = we in spoken French Watch out though! When on means we, the verb is still an â€Å"il† form, not a â€Å"nous† form. Olivier et moi, on est contents - Olivier and I, we are happy NOT Olivier et moi on sommes contents. On est, never on sommes. Using on to say we is the most common way of saying â€Å"we† in French nowadays. I use it all the time, so do my parents, so it’s very, very much used this way. â€Å"Nous† is more formal, used in writing or in a formal context. But dont get me wrong, nous is very used as well, and you still need to learn to conjugate the nous verb form! 4. On and the adjective agreements When â€Å"on† means â€Å"we†, the adjective, if any, will agree in number and gender with the true meaning of â€Å"on†: so it will be plural for sure, feminine or masculine. On est contents - we are happyOn n’est pas treÌ€s sportifs - we are not very sporty When â€Å"on† means â€Å"one, you, people†, or an unspecific person, it’s usually masculine singular. Quand on est sportif, on est pas fatigueÃŒ  - when you are sporty, you are not tired. But you have to be smart, and stay focused on the context. Sometime, this unspecific person could only be feminine... Quand on est enceinte, on est fatigueÃŒ e - when you are pregnant, you are tired How To Train to Understand On? If you are serious about learning French, I strongly suggest you find a good French learning audio method. Written French and spoken French are like two different languages, and you need audio - and someone who can not only list the grammar points but explain them well - to conquer French. I suggest you take a look at  my own French learning method  as well as my article on the  Best French tools for the self-learning student. For more about French subject pronouns, I suggest you read my lessons: - introduction to French subject pronouns which will answer questions such as what is a subject pronoun, how to figure out the subject in French? What does the first person plural mean? and other useful information for you to understand the grammatical jargon French books and teachers use. - Singular French subject pronouns for a detailed study of je, tu, il and elle. -  Plural French subject pronouns for a detailed study of nous, vous, ils and elles. I post exclusive mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - so join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/

E-crime against Stilianos Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-crime against Stilianos - Assignment Example This study looks into electronic crime, a new phase of technological mishap that to a large extent thwarts the effort of achieving secured information system and network system running. Electronic crime or e-crime basically refers to a situation whereby crime is committed by the use of technology. In most cases, these crimes are committed by against information systems and other technologically enhanced systems. Typical examples can be given as the invasion of a person’s bank details by the use of technology or breaking into the database system of a university by the use of technology. It is in this direction that Crime Wales notes that â€Å"e-Crime generally refers to a criminal activity where a computer or computer network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime.† Crime Wales therefore concerns a deliberate attempt to invade or harm a computer system. This is very common today because of the general growth and use of technology and technology tools. It can b e observed that modern growth in technology use has resulted in a situation whereby all major global institutions are hooked unto a network in one form or the other. Very common among these network systems are the use of the systems to create electronic commerce and protection of data from public domain. E-crime is a major form of cyber threat that has resulted in a lot of advocacy programs to combat the situation. The e-crime Bureau therefore notes that â€Å"The development of appropriate legislations and policies across corporate and government departments is an integral aspect of mitigating the cyber threat.† ... It will be noted that â€Å"Linux is a multitasking, multiuser operating system, which means that many people can run many different applications on one computer at the same time† (Grove, 1998). By this, there is a very high change of taking advantage of the multiplex nature of the accessibility core of the Linux. But indeed, the mere fact that Linux allows for multiuser system does not permit just any person to break into the system of other people. From the case study, it can be noticed that there is a particular hub that has been invaded by whoever is behind the plot. There confirmation that there was a specific target on one of the hubs is the fact that when nmap scan of the suspect system was done using the IT technician’s laptop, there were conflicting output listings as against the running of the lsof program to list the open transport layer network file descriptors on the same suspect system. Basically, Linux operates with a shell. A shell has been explained as â€Å"a program that takes the commands you type and translates them into instructions to the operating system† (Grove, 1998). In the person’s effort to invade Stilianos’ system without Stilianos’ notice, it is very much likely that the shell was the first system component to be tampered with. It is for this reason that according to the case study, two listening services on TCP ports 3457 and 32411 did not show up when viewed from within the system. b) Answers to the following questions: When and how Stilianos’ machine was initially compromised? The indication has already been given that the shell might have been tempered with as the first move to invade Stilianos’ system. As far as the shell of the Linux system

A sole trading business in Western region Assignment

A sole trading business in Western region - Assignment Example A sole trading business in Western region This international buying and selling of flowers by the sole trading business would be able to take advantage of the several measures taken by the government in improving the performance of the flower industry of UAE. The sole trading business under the name of Florist Fragrance would be in an advantageous position as they would be able to gain from the benefits of the innovative logistics centre set up for the trading of flowers. This would help the sole trading business to deliver the orders of their flower products to the international markets with less time and high quality of flowers with customized fragrance for their customers especially in the western markets. The business of sole trading under the name of Florist Fragrance would face specific disadvantages due to the product chosen for the international buying and selling in the western markets. Despite the resources and facilities available in the flower industry for quick delivery of the flower and the accessory products, the international business faces the disadvantage due to the high volume of cost to be incurred for restoration of the quality and fragrance of the flowers to be delivered to the customers. The flowers are considered to be perishable items which have a fixed span of life beyond which the products perish. The sole trading business are thus required to ensure that the flower goods and the orders of the customers reach them in the overseas market in the proper condition as delivered during the point of sale.

Impact of Exile on the Frankfurt School’s Theory

Impact of Exile on the Frankfurt School’s Theory GERMAN JEWS: INTELLIGETNSIA IN EXILE The atrocities of the Second World War (WWII) drove many of continental Europe’s Jewish intellectual elite to the United States and Great Britain. The Axis persecution not only targeted ethnic groups, but also persecuted an array of intellectuals and political thinkers. Among these was the political and philosophical institution known as The Frankfurt School (TFS). Some of its most influential members included Austrian-born art historian Ernst Gombrich (1909-2001), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), Max Horkheimer (1895-1973) and Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), all of whom were at one point influenced by both political and intellectual persecution. Their European experience was affected by their Jewish identities as well as their respective theories of aesthetics and their affinity for a reformed system of Marxist thought. Unfortunately for the noted thinkers, their alienating experiences in exile did not stop after leaving Europe. As a proponent of Marxism and aspects of Communist thought, TFS’ encounters with elements of America’s notorious Red Scare had profound effects on the development of its work. Despite the inherently American institution of Ford’s mass assembly and naturally Communist implications of the American working class’ ideals, the bourgeois-idealism of TFS found it could not escape questions of its motives and widespread suspicions perpetuated throughout the American political environment. Spurred on by the relentless political witch-hunts of the Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin), scholars of the Frankfurt school found themselves perpetually marginalized throughout their lives. While ostracized intellectually for espousing Communist theory and rhetoric, TFS scholars were not limited to political systems. Gombrich and others followed paths similar to aesthetic thinker Michel Foucault in arenas ranging from art and music to popular culture at large. The experiences of TFS thinkers differed in this respect, with some challenged directly upon their arrival to the US. Others found that while they may not have been singled out in McCarthyism’s irreconcilable political aggression, their experiences in exile shared common traits ranging from the nonchalant acceptance of existentialist thought to the mobilization of Marxist revolutionary rhetoric. Unable to settle in any intellectual sphere, the constant alienation of TFS scholars weighed heavily on their philosophical conclusions, arguably cementing the unique characteristics of its thought. The political unrest and unconscionable harassment TFS thinkers encountered played as big a role in the development of its thought as religion played in the formulaic structure of a priori philosophy vis-à  -vis Kant and Rawls. Without their experiences in exile and resettlement in America and Britain, it is argued that their indirect sponsorship of Marxist thought would never have taken form. The particularly noteworthy traits of TFS scholarship are the irrevocable feelings of nostalgia and longing and perhaps the inevitable rebellion of those who simply could not accept intellectual ostracizing. Whether rejected by Heidegger or pursued by McCarthy, TFS found itself constantly in defense of its positions, its scholars either accepting of the situation or flagrantly unapologetic in their stance. Through identification of each key scholar’s beliefs and comparing shared experiences in exile, revelations of the weight of exile on the establishment of TFS schools of thought are clarified as well as the extent to which each scholar may have based his respective epistemological conclusions on sen timent rather than idealism. The German-Jewish experience, after all, was unique among Communist experiences throughout Europe and the United States. On one hand, Communists were persecuted both in the United States and Europe. On the other, the Jewish experience in Europe, especially that of the bourgeois, added a personal degree to marginalization. Europe had no propensity of goodwill towards Jews, but the American predilection to personal liberty found little room for acceptance in regards to Communism, especially in the years after WWII and the gradual Soviet ascension to the status of superpower. THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMAN JEWS IN CONSTANT EXILE: A LOOK AT AMERICAN TFS SCHOLARS Herbert Marcuse A student of German philosopher Martin Heidegger, Marcuse found himself at odds with society from the natal stage of his academic career. Marcuse found himself at odds in the forming of his epistemological stance; Feenberg believes this struggle is the product of â€Å"his own past, his complicated relationship to the doctrine of his teacher, Heidegger†[1]. Academically blocked as a German Jew, Marcuse would later find opposition in his career as a proponent of Communism; the two traits were hardly welcomed in German academic circles in the years preceding the rise of the Nazis. Even Heidegger hampered Marcuse’s development, the notorious Nazi supporter blocking publication of his student’s thesis in the infamous purge of dissenting ideas. Where Marcuse was remembered for being â€Å"guru of the New Left, the darling of 1968,† Heidegger is most known for having â€Å"betrayed his calling by becoming a Nazi and recognizing Hitler as his Fuhrer, never renou ncing his error publicly even after WWII†[2]. Marcuse differed from Heidegger’s nationalist positions as well as from his mentor’s stance on technology and social evolution. Marcuse believed technology had a profound effect on society, which in turn became a part of modern technology â€Å"not only as the men who invent and attend to machinery but also as the social groups which direct its application and utilization†[3]. To an extent, Heidegger’s avoidance of technology in regards to social evolution had much to do with the classical revolutionary stance Marxism upheld. The radical changes implicated in technological advancement, especially in the development of the wholly-efficient industrial ideology of Henry Ford, presented several philosophic and social implications, none of which could be tolerated in a society in constant intellectual upheaval. While Heidegger’s writings exuded a sense of existential realism in regards to technology and what he perceived as the end of human aesthetics and reason, Marcuse accepted modernity as part of an the ongoing Enlightenment, deviating from a priori traditions and accepting, for example, that concepts such as essence â€Å"can neither be based on tradition and community standards nor speculatively derived in an a priori metaphysics†[4]. In regards to his Marxist contemporaries, one of Marcuse’s shared traits with his other TFS scholars was his attempt to â€Å"combine critique and modernism in a revolutionary perspective†[5]. Perhaps the source of nationalistic suspicion, the revolutionary undertones of Marxist philosophy earned Marcuse the enmity of Germans and Americans alike, the extent of which will be later examined. A utopian thinker, Marcuse conceived â€Å"of a redeemed technological rationality in a liberated society, much as Plato,† imagining â€Å"a reformed rhetoric that would serve good ends†[6]. While Heidegger and other German nationalists believed in a utopia, their idealism was served by future ethnic cleansing and a politically-derived eschewing of Soviet-style Communism. â€Å"Safely checked after the mid-1930s,† Heidegger’s suppressed utopian impulses were a form of supplication to a regime that would not stand for intellectual deviance; also affected by the bleak reality of exile and intellectual persecution, TFS scholars Adorno and Horkheimer in turn â€Å"seemed to have lost not hope but even the capacity to imagine a better future†[7]. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer Early in Adorno’s career, when he â€Å"started his study of philosophy in Frankfurt with Hans Cornelius, he was already complete outside the Neo-Kantian mainstream of the scholastic philosophy of that time that Cornelius himself represented†[8]. A priori epistemology was a staple of pre-war Germany for the ability to manipulate morals based on a code of law. Adorno’s anarchic themes and then-unconventional thinking added to his academic ostracism. In contrast, as the â€Å"son of an undertaker from Stuttgart, Horkheimer was no scholastic philosopher either, but he did stand closer to the traditional style of German philosophy than did Adorno†[9]. While a proponent of Marxism, Horkheimer often examined the nature of existing concepts rather than venturing into the realm of revolutionary action. In his â€Å"On the Problem of Truth,† Horkheimer wrote of the temporal nature of reality and truth, perhaps a reactionary piece to the propaganda and book-b urning espoused by the Nazis in 1938. Horkheimer placed a great deal of weight on the deviation of the individual from the perspective of the many, writing that â€Å"cognition never has more than limited validity† and that â€Å"every thing and every relation of things changes with time, and thus every judgment as to real situations must lose its truth with time†[10]. Perhaps slightly less existential than Adorno, Horkheimer did not fully discount the bleakness of the reality of his time. Though not outwardly optimistic, Horkheimer was taken aback by the negative light in which Adorno perceived the world around him. A lifelong friend and colleague of Max Horkheimer, Adorno â€Å"had, as Horkheimer once put it, a keen view of the existing world sharpened by hatred, and this coalesced well with the misanthropic inclinations of the Institute’s director who understood himself as its ‘dictator’†[11]. Welcomed almost instantly in to the TFS circle, Adorno was greatly affected by the persecution he encountered as a Jew and an intellectual. His negative views of the world and its people lead him to deviate in focus from the social institutions that would earn TFS infamy in America and Europe. Unlike his contemporary Horkheimer, Adorno was â€Å"not so much interested in social science and research as in music and aesthetic theory†[12]. Adorno’s negative view of the world, nationalist or not, had a profound effect on his writings and the development of his beliefs. His disdain of modernity and realism lead him to adopt surrealist views reminiscent of aestheticians such as Hume, not unlike fellow TFS scholar Walter Benjamin. Feenberg noted that: â€Å"From the point of view of an aesthetic modernism, Adorno made a sinister and radical critique of all non-aesthetic modernity. Here he was close to the French surrealists as was his friend Walter Benjamin. The aesthetic idea of freedom from all institutions of a repressive society was very different from a more scientific idea of freedom as controlling and planning this society and its economic anarchy, which was basically Marx’s idea†[13] Unlike Marcuse, who embraced technology fully as a manifestation of social evolution within the framework of the Enlightenment, Adorno acknowledged both the positive and negative potentials of a world philosophically and politically lead by technology. Both he and Horkheimer believed that technics â€Å"by itself can promote authoritarianism as well as liberty, scarcity as well as abundance, the extension as well as the abolition of toil†[14]. Though Marcuse shared several social views in common with Horkheimer and Adorno, he differed from the two in his methods of critiquing the Nazi ascension to power. Unlike Marcuse, Adorno believed technology and social evolution had as much to do with the pre-1938 German nationalistic purge of free thought as did the provincial thought espoused by the Nazi party. For instance, Adorno believed â€Å"National Socialism [to be] a striking example of the ways in which a highly rationalized and mechanized economy with the utmost efficiency in production can operate in the interest of totalitarian oppression and continued scarcity†; the Third Reich was what Adorno referred to as a form of technocracy, the â€Å"technical considerations of imperialistic efficiency and rationality [superseding] the traditional standards of profitability and general welfare†[15]. Despite the advances of technology and the social implications that should have set with society at large, the Nazis a nd their reign was sustained by the historically-familiar force of arms, propaganda, and ironically all the traits associated with Marxist society. In what was strikingly similar to Soviet-style Communism, the Nazis ascended to power on the coattails of â€Å"the intensification of labor, propaganda, the training of youths and workers, the organization of the governmental, industrial, and party bureaucracy—all of which constituted the daily implements of terror† and in doing so, following the lines of â€Å"greatest technological efficiency†[16]. Unlike Adorno and Horkheimer, â€Å"Marcuse followed a different trajectory,† believing â€Å"technology was to be reconstructed around a conception of the good in his terminology around life†[17]. The more pragmatic and academically optimistic of the two TFS colleagues, Horkheimer perceived the negative sociology of knowledge grasping Nazi Germany as a cyclical phenomenon, one that like its â€Å"existentialist counterparts, calls everything into question and criticizes nothing†[18]. Unlike Marcuse, whose philosophy held fewer checks and precautions on the evolution of society, Horkheimer held that â€Å"the growth of antagonisms† of their period was the product of â€Å"disproportionate development of human capacities,† as if to suggest the Nazi ascension was a matter of personality and not â€Å"of the anonymous machinery which does away with the individual†[19]. Horkheimer thus asserted that the negative state of the world leading to his and other German Jews’ experiences had more to do with the hasty elimination of the value of the individual, with the populace conned into fascism by belief in the good of the state over the good of the pe rson. He observed that â€Å"right and wrong are glossed over in like manner,† with â€Å"the average man abstracted from the concepts and assigned an ontological ‘narrow-mindedness’† reminiscent of pre-Enlightenment eras[20]. THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMAN JEWS IN EXILE: TFS SCHOLARS IN EUROPE Walter Benjamin and Ernst Gombrich Adorno believed Walter Benjamin’s â€Å"thinking constituted the antithesis of the existential concept of the person,† that Benjamin â€Å"seemed empirically, despite extreme individuation, hardly to have been a person at all, but rather an arena of movement in which a certain content forced its way, through him, into language†[21]. Benjamin was much more akin to Marcuse in his optimism for technology and its effect on society. Benjamin did not espouse the same existentialist negativity of Adorno and Horkheimer, his philosophy embodying the aspirations of a utopian dedicated to the transformation of society. While still revolutionary in the Marxist sense, Benjamin did not advocate as fully as Adorno the impetus of labor and its inherent connection to the human psyche. However, his focus on aesthetics paralleled his thinking along the lines of Adorno, which prompted an exchange of ideas among the two contemporaries. Where Marcuse focused on technology as a tool to revolutionize the proletariat in keeping with Marxist ideals, Benjamin focused more on art, media, and popular culture’s consumption of the latter. Benjamin was among the first to identify the impact of transforming aesthetics and their ability to change society. Where Benjamin saw a great chance â€Å"for a revolutionary transformation of art by the new technical mass media, Adorno and Horkheimer were much more skeptical,† focusing equally on the negative potential as well as the potential to contribute to the betterment of mankind[22]. Though an advocate of the individual and markedly more optimistic than Horkheimer (and Adorno), Benjamin’s philosophical perspective was one of bleak realism. Constantly pursued, Benjamin allegedly committed suicide while fleeing the Nazi regime of whom he was sharply critical. Never leaving Europe, Benjamin’s obstinate refusal to flee lead to his demise but ironically espoused his bleak outlook on life. Though he had th e means to do so, Benjamin remained in continental Europe at the end of his life, not following in the footsteps of the German Jewish intelligentsia who found refuge in America. Where Gombrich and Benjamin unfortunately differed most as European aestheticians was their end; Gombrich remained in the United Kingdom during the war as in the employ of German broadcast monitoring living to the age of 92. Benjamin, however, would never know acceptance or peace in his life, dying a manifestation of his perspective of man. Ironically, it was Horkheimer and Adorno who emphasized what they believed to be â€Å"the obvious power of the new media in fascist dictatorships† and â€Å"the manipulative potential to impose the will on the leaders to passive and authoritarian masses of people†[23]. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism surpassed whatever bleak outlook Benjamin may have exuded, countering Benjamin’s emphatic support of mass media as equally malignant as beneficial to society. They believed, unlike Benjamin, that the propensity for immobilization of the individual was present â€Å"not only in fascist countries but also in democratic regimes like the USA and in totalitarian or authoritarian socialism such as the Soviet Union under Stalin†[24]. Benjamin most markedly departed from Horkheimer’s views in his take on subjectivity. He exuded a â€Å"refusal to speculate on the role of subjectivity in the critical process in large measure explicable as a reluctance to incorporate idealist philosophical baggage into an exploration of the metaphysical structure of truth, which, as he had been convinced from very early on, was objectively present and objectively discoverable in the phenomena themselves†[25]. Like Adorno and Marcuse, Benjamin’s perception was a marked departure from neo-Kantian phenomenology and a priori-based philosophy. Benjamin’s â€Å"unwillingness to regard contemplative subjectivity as a constitutive in the critical discovery of truth was a philosophical predilection he shared with peers† who â€Å"were engaged in critical receptions of Marx, Nietzsche, and Weber†[26]. Pensky notes that: â€Å"†¦the potential endlessness of the process of subjective speculation might close out for good the receptive capacity whereby the messianic moments of historical experience could disclose themselves in the medium of critical thinking. Subjectivity, which is the medium in which the act of critical redemption takes place, is also the realm of contemplation and poses risk of an abyssal, endless descent into the inner recesses of speculation as bad infinity†[27]. Like Benjamin and Adorno, Ernst Gombrich was an accomplished aesthetician. Quick to make note of the innately negative potential of art, Gombrich claimed in his article â€Å"Art and Propaganda† that the modern age’s â€Å"sinister technique which gradually converts human beings into something like mental robots† rendered art and propaganda sharing â€Å"at least one common frontier†[28]. The exploitation of art’s aesthetic appeal coincides with propaganda; for art and propaganda to be received successfully by the general public, Gombrich argued that sensationalism in one shape or form had to be communicated. Where art had to break boundaries and the norm set by the precedence of the imagination, propaganda had to break boundaries set by the precedence of accepted logic. Gombrich stated plainly that â€Å"aesthetics of bygone days could name rhetoric† as the realm where art and propaganda met[29]. Gombrich believed â€Å"persuasion through t he eye, pictorial propaganda, is far from holding a similar rank in theory, but in practice its possibilities have always been exploited†[30]. THE TFS INTELLECTUAL EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA DURING MCCARTHYISM â€Å"According to information compiled by the various national and international aid committees formed in 1933 to rescue German intellectuals, about 1,200 academics lost their jobs in Germany during that year. This number was to grow by the end of the 1930s to about 1,700, to which another 400 university faculty were added after the annexation of Austria. If the various other academic professionals, doctors, lawyers, and so on, as well as students suspended from the universities are included, the total number comes to about 7,500. If we add writers, artists, and other freelancers, we may safely assume that—not counting family members—about 12,000 intellectuals lost their jobs and were eliminated from Germany’s social and cultural life†[31]. Perhaps more ominous than the volume of intellectuals exiled from Germany was the indication made by the mass-exodus of field-specific academics. Krohn notes that no sooner was the so-called â€Å"Law to Restore the Professional Civil Service† of April 1933 passed than â€Å"over 16 percent of all university faculty were dismissed†[32]. These â€Å"dismissals,† as they were termed, reached new heights, culminating in the forced-departure of â€Å"more than one-quarter of all university teachers†; in retrospect, the loss of â€Å"university faculty through the end of 1938 has been assessed at 39 percent†[33]. The fact that nearly 80 percent of German philosophical intelligentsia was Jewish and estranged on two fronts—ethnicity and intellectual affiliation—only hastened the effective neutralization of dissent inside Nazi Germany. Unfortunately, however, the departure of the German Jews whose beliefs fell outside the auspices of American political favor comprised a majority. TFS scholars comprised a minority of intellectuals whose formerly high-profile status carried over to the United States. Ironically, those â€Å"who had first experienced Hitler’s wrath benefited from their privileged position†; â€Å"the academics he booted out in 1933 were extended assistance and hospitality almost at once by American and British institutions; hence their crossing was comparatively smooth†[34]. Intellectuals who later reached the shores of Britain and the United States well into the war, however, experienced a different welcoming. With Britain under constant attack and the main city centers such as London almost shut down in Nazi bombing campaigns, several lacked the institutional umbrella of academia to transition into their new lands. Without such protection, many such â€Å"intellectuals often supported themselves initially with menial jobs, working as gardeners and dishwashers or, if strong enough, as stevedores and mechanics†[35]. Finding themselves in a state of near-poverty, many intellectuals including professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and en gineers never resumed their academic pursuits. Most notably, the American academic environment at the end of WWII left many German intellectuals to find â€Å"that their specialties did not transport well†[36]. A common assumption in regards to intellectuals in McCarthy-era America is that all were persecuted in the â€Å"Red Scare† that ensued at the beginning of the 1950s. But those intellectuals who were fortunate enough to remain in their fields found themselves in a much more favorable position than those who were struggling to survive in the blue collar marketplace. In comparison to these â€Å"foiled scholars, the most abused academic rested on a flower bed of ease†; â€Å"these unfulfilled à ©migrà ©s remained present in the academics’ lives, as their friends, their relatives, the audiences for their lectures and publications†[37]. This is not to say, however, that the German-Jewish academics in 1950s America did not encounter tribulation in their assimilation to New World society. Contentions such as Marcuse’s support of the Marxist tenet emphasizing labor as â€Å"man’s means of realizing his essence† and an irrevocable aspect of â€Å"man’s nature† were only slightly more welcome in American intellectual circles as they were in pre-war Germany[38]. Suspected by many as agents provocateurs of the Soviet Union, German-Jewish intelligentsia were marginalized further after having fled a land inflamed by similar conditions. Tensions flared following the capture and execution of convicted Communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, whose 1953 executions were part and parcel of McCarthy’s fervent vigil for Communists of all sorts. Given Benjamin, Adorno, and Horkheimer’s fears about propaganda, McCarthy-era America was hardly a place to feel welcomed. The isolation felt in America by TFS after fleeing Nazi persecution contributed greatly to the molding of its philosophic rhetoric. Marcuse often wrote of â€Å"the horror of capitalism produced by the type of objectification it fostered,† finding glaring similarities in the death of individuality embodied in the American industrial working class as in the nationalist characteristics of Nazi Germany. Furthermore, TFS scholars were alarmed at the scant modicum of utopian values espoused by a competitive drive set on besting one’s fellow man. Marcuse and others agreed â€Å"with the analysis of alienated labor in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, to which Horkheimer and Adorno rarely referred in their writings†; â€Å"un-alienated labor, Marcuse suggested, implied working with others, not against them†[39]. As capitalism p revented the Marxist ideal of solidarity, TFS scholars perceived it as one more cause against which revolutionary tactics were mandated. Such revolutionary overtones, as one might imagine, were demonized by intellectual circles advocating McCarthyism’s rhetoric. As a corollary, further existential rhetoric pervaded TFS philosophy, the impetus of the constant necessity of revolution alienating themselves from American society simultaneously lending to their own feelings of nostalgia and desire for a sense of belonging. Adorno was among the TFS scholars who never found a place among American academics. Estranged from non-Communist circles, he was among several who found themselves as perpetual intellectual refugees. Brunkhorst claims that â€Å"all in all America remained foreign to Adorno†; during his exile, â€Å"Adorno never gave up the hope of coming back to Europe and Germany†[40]. Like other TFS scholar, Adorno was acclimated to a certain â€Å"distinction† as was the norm among â€Å"the old European educated classes†[41]. America, however, was entering a point of mass industrialization, ironically paralleling pre-war Germany in its focus on the state and the relative muting of intelligentsia in the era. THE DEVELOPMENT OF KEY TFS THEORY Development of key TFS theory evolved through conversation and communication, which were â€Å"among the guiding mottos of contemporary thought†; Dallmayr questions, however, if TFS socio-political perspectives could be â€Å"integrated into a common conversational framework† in a manner â€Å"yielding transparent understanding of all points of view†[42]. It is just as likely that such idioms as Marcuse’s take on technology and Gombrich’s theories of propaganda and truth were formulated on the precepts of an â€Å"unbridgeable gulf† or the â€Å"incommensurability of linguistic and epistemic rules†[43]. TFS theory, Dallmayr contends, was shaped by contact with its a priori counterpart in the Freiburg Institute, comprised of Heidegger and Kantian colleagues. In measuring the extent of exile’s effect on TFS, it is of the utmost importance to examine TFS’ experiences in its indigenous setting, that is to say its experiences in Germany and Europe. According to Dallmayr, â€Å"nowhere are the dilemmas of communication and non-communication more glaringly apparent than in the context of recent German thought† as manifested between TFS and Freiburg; â€Å"to a large extent, contacts between the two schools of thought have been marked either by neglect or indifference or else by polemical hostility and an insistence on incommensurability, often coupled with hegemonial [sic] claims†[44]. It is, after all, equally as possible that as a proponent of revolutionary rhetoric that TFS’ existence was dependent on a measure of exile of the metaphoric type. To a large extent, TFS scholars’ conclusions were drawn within the framework of Marxism, whose fundamental precept is revolution on a large scale. When taken into the context of â€Å"moral indictment† as described by Dallmayr, the experience of TFS in Germany would put into perspective the exchange of ideas espoused by TFS in ex ile and in its natal setting of pre-war Germany. Given the tendency of Marxist ideology and the radicalization of its writings, perhaps even Benjamin’s bleak outlook on life could have been regarded as carrying with it the requisite novelty of individuality; how would any revolutionary school of thought conduct itself if it followed in the footsteps of convention? Adorno, after all, â€Å"maintained a relentless opposition to Heidegger’s work and lavished on it an unending stream of polemical venom, a practice aggravated by personal distance†; Heidegger, on the other hand, â€Å"remained aloof from the Frankfurt School and at one point confessed complete ignorance of Adorno’s writings†[45]. While the personal contingent of Heidegger’s latent support of the Nazi party cannot be dismissed, it also does not dismiss the tone with which Adorno and other TFS thinkers indicted their opposition and the contempt they held for some of their a priori, Kantian contemporaries. Sherratt examines the possibility of Adorno’s â€Å"Positive Dialectic,† in which she purports there is a â€Å"positive† solution to what Adorno and others â€Å"envisaged as the problems of subjectivity and knowledge in enlightenment†[46]. Sherratt examines Adorno’s aesthetic, extricating and examining from Adorno’s work on enlightenment that would have the potential for positive dialectic. Unlike many of his other works, Sherratt finds that following his exile from Germany, Adorno’s epistemological and aesthetic conclusions are indirectly and dialectically positive. She concludes that the â€Å"newer† dialectic was positive in contrast â€Å"with the ‘old’ dialectic, which is already shown as negative†[47]. If Sherratt’s conclusions are of any sch