Thomas Macdonough in the War of 1812

Thomas Macdonough in the War of 1812 A local of Delaware, Thomas MacDonough turned into a prominent official in the US Navy during the early piece of the nineteenth century. From a huge family, he followed a more established sibling into the administration and acquired a midshipmans warrant during the last a very long time of the Quasi-War with France. MacDonough later observed help in the First Barbary War where he served under Commodore Edward Preble and participated in the challenging strike which copied the caught frigate USS Philadelphia (36 weapons). Not long after the beginning of the War of 1812, he got order of American powers on Lake Champlain. Building armada, MacDonough won a conclusive triumph at the Battle of Plattsburgh in 1814 which saw him catch the whole British group. Early Life Conceived December 21, 1783 in northern Delaware, Thomas MacDonough was the child of Dr. Thomas and Mary McDonough. A veteran of the American Revolution, the senior McDonough presented with the position of major at the Battle of Long Island and was later injured at White Plains. Brought up in an exacting Episcopal family, the more youthful Thomas was taught locally and by 1799 was filling in as a store representative in Middletown, DE. As of now, his senior sibling James, a sailor in the US Navy, got back having lost a leg during the Quasi-War with France. This enlivened MacDonough to look for a vocation adrift and he applied for a midshipmans warrant with the guide of Senator Henry Latimer. This was allowed on February 5, 1800. Around this time, for obscure reasons, he changed the spelling of his last name from McDonough to MacDonough. Going to Sea Revealing on board USS Ganges (24), MacDonough cruised for the Caribbean in May. Through the late spring, Ganges, with Captain John Mullowny in order, caught three French trader vessels. With the finish of the contention in September, MacDonough stayed in the US Navy and moved to the frigate USS Constellation (38) on October 20, 1801. Cruising for the Mediterranean, Constellation served in Commodore Richard Dales group during the First Barbary War. First Barbary War While on board, MacDonough got exhaustive nautical instruction from Captain Alexander Murray. As the organization of the unit advanced, he got requests to join USS Philadelphia (36) in 1803. Instructed by Captain William Bainbridge, the frigate prevailing with regards to catching the Moroccan warship Mirboka (24) on August 26. Taking shore leave that fall, MacDonough was not on board Philadelphia when it grounded on a strange reef in Tripoli harbor and was caught on October 31. Without a boat, MacDonough was before long reassigned to the sloop USS Enterprise (12). Serving under Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, he helped in the catch of the Tripolitan ketch Mastico in December. This prize was soon refitted as USS Intrepid (4) and joined the unit. Worried that Philadelphia would be rescued by the Tripolitans, the unit officer, Commodore Edward Preble, started detailing an arrangement to dispose of the stricken frigate. This called for Decatur to sneak into Tripoli harbor utilizing Intrepid, raging the boat, and setting it on fire in the event that it couldn't spared. Acquainted with Philadelphias format, MacDonough chipped in for the assault and assumed a key job. Pushing ahead, Decatur and his men prevailing with regards to consuming Philadelphia on February 16, 1804. A staggering achievement, the assault was named the most strong and brave demonstration of the Age by British Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson. Peacetime Elevated to acting lieutenant as far as concerns him in the assault, MacDonough before long joined the brig USS Syren (18). Restoring the United States in 1806, he helped Captain Isaac Hull in administering the development of gunboats at Middletown, CT. Soon thereafter, his advancement to lieutenant was made changeless. Finishing his task with Hull, MacDonough got his first order in the sloop of war USS Wasp (18). At first working in the waters around Britain, Wasp spent a lot of 1808 off the United States authorizing the Embargo Act. Withdrawing Wasp, MacDonough spent piece of 1809 on board USS Essex (36) preceding leaving the frigate to coordinate gunboat development at Middletown. With the nullification of the Embargo Act in 1809, the US Navy decreased its powers. The next year, MacDonough mentioned leave and went through two years as the commander of a British vendor vessel cruising to India. The War of 1812 Begins Coming back to well-trained in no time before the start of the War of 1812 in June 1812, MacDonough at first got a presenting on Constellation. Fitting out at Washington, DC, the frigate required a while of work before being prepared for ocean. Excited partake in the battling, MacDonough before long mentioned an exchange and quickly directed gunboats at Portland, ME before being requested to assume responsibility for US maritime powers on Lake Champlain that October. Showing up at Burlington, VT, his powers were constrained to the sloops USS Growler (10) and USS Eagle (10). In spite of the fact that little, his order was adequate to control the lake. This circumstance changed profoundly on June 2, 1813, when Lieutenant Sidney Smith lost the two vessels close Ile aux Noix. Building a Fleet Elevated to ace commandant on July 24, MacDonough started huge a shipbuilding exertion at Otter Creek, VT with an end goal to recover the lake. This yard delivered the corvette USS Saratoga (26), the sloop of war USS Eagle (20), the boat USS Ticonderoga (14), and a few gunboats by pre-summer 1814. This exertion was coordinated by his British partner, Commander Daniel Pring, who started his own structure program at Ile aux Noix. Moving south in mid-May, Pring endeavored to assault the American shipyard yet was driven off by MacDonoughs batteries. Finishing his vessels, MacDonough moved his unit of fourteen warships over the lake to Plattsburgh, NY to anticipate Prings next foray south. Out-gunned by the Americans, Pring pulled back to anticipate the finish of the frigate HMS Confiance (36). Standoff at Plattsburgh As Confiance approached fruition, British powers drove by Lieutenant General Sir George Pr㠩vost started assembling with the expectation of attacking the United States by means of Lake Champlain. As Pr㠩vosts men walked south, they would be provided and secured by British maritime powers presently drove by Captain George Downie. To contradict this exertion, gravely dwarfed American powers, directed by Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, expected a protective situation close Plattsburgh. They were upheld by MacDonough who showed his armada in Plattsburgh Bay. Progressing on August 31, Pr㠩vosts men, which incorporated an enormous number of the Duke of Wellingtons veterans, were hampered by an assortment of deferring strategies utilized by the Americans. Showing up close Plattsburgh on September 6, their underlying endeavors were turned around by Macomb. Talking with Downie, Pr㠩vost proposed to assault the American lines in power on September 10 working together with a maritime exertion against MacDonough in the sound. MacDonoughs Plan Hindered by horrible breezes, Downies ships couldn't progress on the ideal date and had to defer a day. Mounting less long weapons than Downie, MacDonough took a situation in Plattsburgh Bay where he accepted his heavier, however shorter range carronades would be best. Upheld by ten little gunboats, he set Eagle, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, and the sloop Preble (7) in a north-south line. For each situation, two grapples were utilized alongside spring lines to allow the vessels to turn while at stay. In the wake of exploring the American situation on the morning of September 11, Downie decided to push ahead. The Fleets Engage Going around Cumberland Head at 9:00 AM, Downies group comprised of Confiance, the brig HMS Linnet (16), the sloops HMS Chubb (10) and HMS Finch (11), and twelve gunboats. As the Battle of Plattsburgh started, Downie at first looked to put Confiance over the leader of the American line, yet moving breezes forestalled this and he rather accepted a situation inverse Saratoga. As the two leaders started battering one another, Pring had the option to cross before Eagle with Linnet while Chubb was immediately crippled and caught. Finch moved to take a situation over the tail of MacDonoughs line yet floated south and grounded on Crab Island. MacDonoughs Victory While Confiances first broadsides harmed Saratoga, the two boats kept on exchanging blows with Downie being executed when a gun was crashed into him. Toward the north, Pring started shooting at Eagle with the American vessel incapable to go to viably counter. At the far edge of the line, Preble was constrained to pull back from the battle by Downies gunboats. These were at last ended by decided fire from Ticonderoga. Under overwhelming fire, Eagle cut off its stay lines and started to float down the American line allowing Linnet to rake Saratoga. With the vast majority of his starboard firearms down and out, MacDonough utilized his spring lines to turn his lead. Bringing his intact portside firearms to hold up under, MacDonough started shooting at Confiance. The survivors on board the British leader tried to direct a comparative turn however got stayed with the frigates powerless harsh introduced to Saratoga. Unequipped for additional obstruction, Confiance struck its hues. Rotating Saratoga a subsequent time, MacDonough presented its broadside as a powerful influence for Linnet. With his boat out-gunned and seeing that further opposition was worthless, Pring chose to gave up. Having picked up the high ground, the Americans continued to catch the whole British group. Outcome MacDonoughs triumph coordinated that of Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry who had won a comparable triumph on Lake Erie the past September. Shorewards, Pr㠩vosts introductory endeavors were postponed or turned around. Learning of Downies rout, he chose for sever the fight as he felt any triumph would be pointless a

English Literature Essay

Depict the contemporary training framework as it shows up toward the start of ‘Hard Times’. How does Dickens show his dislike for this framework up to the finish of part four? Difficult situations resembles a few different Dickens books, it’s brimming with social analysis. Writing in the 1850’s, Charles Dickens was concentrating for the most part on the Industrial Revolution in progress. As the title recommends, this novel is about cruel occasions. Dickens utilizes the rule of utilitarianism all through the novel. Utilitarianism is a way of thinking which contends that all human action, including learning, ought to be helpful in the down to earth sense. Dickens is a social pundit and all his different books reprimand establishments somehow or another or another, for example, in ‘Nicholas Nickelby’. The title ‘Hard Times’ proposes they were living in some extremely brutal occasions, what with industrialism in transit. Dickens’ theory is formed from the characters in the book. The two businesspeople have faith in this way of thinking which demonstrates that when you encourage you need to utilize realities and estimations. This way of thinking ends up being a childish one, which just spotlights on reasonable learning. Dickens is mindful and comprehends this general public. He has created three areas to their novel: †planting, harvesting and accumulating. The planting segment is the setting down and dissipating of the seeds, essentially the educating and thoughts. This implies you are planting them down for the future and permitting them to develop. The procuring area shows the reaping of the seeds and cutting them with the goal for them to become speedier. As such, dickens has taken an agrarian view to depict how the training strategies are influencing the youngsters. The last area, collecting, is the considering of the exercises that are found out. There is a popular saying ‘you procure what you sow’. This superbly depicts this circumstance with the framework and Gradgrind. He procures what he’s planted, which is his family being destroyed toward the finish of the novel. We discover that this framework is a bombing one. It depends primarily on utilitarianism and everything they do is power realities onto the youngsters. The point of the framework is to make kids who resemble models or robots. Mr Thomas Gradgrind is a businessperson who has lived by and bolsters utilitarianism in educating. He claims a school which his little girl Louisa and child Thomas join in. The school’s standards are additionally founded on realities yet as we understand up to the finish of part four, this strategy isn’t working. Dickens gives the name Gradgrind to give us that he is slowly crushing ceaselessly the children’s opportunity. I will currently break down how dickens shows his abhorrence for this training framework The primary section is called ‘The One Thing Needful’. Dickens suggests that the one thing needful is realities. He is being snide and in doing as such, he’s additionally made the first letter of each word in quite a while.

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus

School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask School Project Management Made Simple (Example) - Focus It’s a cold and wet January day and I am sitting in my workshop with an iPad and my trusty Moleskine notebook. On my list of todo’s today is to figure out how to get a teddy bear into space with a sandwich box and a balloon. The ‘launch date’ seems so far off. I plan on launching in mid-June with a mixed class of 30 students from St Martins and St Faiths school in North Lincolnshire. This school project has come about from a series of meetings and previous training sessions. Staff at the school are keen on developing a project that will (pardon the pun) be out of this world… Hence the volunteering of a teddy bear, and the use of a sandwich box. The biggest challenge for the school has been to try and organise the event, get suitable resources, and hold meetings to plan the event in detail. The biggest challenge for me is to make sure we can get old ted into space and back again without drowning, blowing up, or losing the poor guy to space. Organising this kind of school project is tricky. There are a number of external agencies to contact and keep in the loop, as well as sponsors and publicity to generate interest in the community. I have come in on this project at the start, and already I have several email chains to deal with which are taking time to search through and respond to. Cue MeisterTask. Setting up a project in MeisterTask is the first thing to tick off. My iPad is within reach. My laptop is somewhere in the workshop under a layer of dust or otherwise obscured by electronics, balloons, and tools. In creating the project I can quickly customise the layout, columns, and collaborators. By selecting the email addresses from the last email chain and copying into the Invite People feature, I have invited all contributors to my school project in a few taps of the screen…simple! We previously had a bulleted list in a document of potential ‘things to do’. By selecting these and pasting them into a new task I have quickly generated a list of tasks within the project. Now everyone can see what is needed to be ticked off. An added benefit within MeisterTask is the ability to assign tasks to people. No more conversations clarifying who needs to do what and why! Because the school is near to an operational RAF base, we need to ask permission to fly. There is some obvious paperwork that needs completing beforehand, several forms and agreements…copying these into MeisterTask is simple. Most of these documents are attachments, but some are shared through Google Drive and Dropbox. With Dropbox and Drive integrations, attaching documents to a task is again just a matter of a few taps of the screen. Within a few minutes of setting the project up, we are already having conversations and working through the tasks. New tasks and associations are easy to set up, notifying everyone as the tasks change, progress or are completed. With any project like this, which require cross-departmental working and contacting external contractors, a central communication system is vital. By having all relevant team members connected with a MeisterTask project board, everyone is kept in the loop. Team communication doesn’t need to be spread across numerous email threads, pigeon holes, text messages and post-it notes. All information, documents and queries can be shared directly on the relevant tasks. With a project management tool that’s available on laptop, desktop, web-browser or mobile, your team members can be located on-site or remotely. They can also choose to receive notifications as they like. Perhaps a pop-up on their phones or an email breakdown of the day’s events. Staff members can work how they work best and are free to interact how they see fit. Team members are guided by the system and don’t need to be at their classroom desktop. This communication method helps to reduce the huge volume of emails school leaders  deal with on a daily basis. If we just focus on emails relating to project management â€" the emails notifying changes, asking for ideas or for approval â€" the emails still take time to process. Not long for each one, granted, but the sum total of the minutes is significant. By simply moving this type of email into a school project management tool, you will be surprised by how much time is freed up. In one primary school I worked in, we managed to save over 4 hours a week by simply changing attitudes to email use in school. One 30-minute session on using email led to 4 hours saved per team member. For a team of 7, this meant 28 hours a week or about 1000 staff hours per year. Big numbers, by just working a few little things out. Summary Using MeisterTask as a school project management tool for events like ted’s big trip just makes the whole process a great deal clearer and simpler. It allows all staff to be notified of changes and updates instantly Communication is simplified, and can be accessed via one platform, from anywhere Everyone can see what the priorities are, as and when deadlines change The Space Exploration Challenge is a complex project with multiple moving parts, deadlines, and paperwork. It requires several conversations with many people and companies involved. Using MeisterTask to plan this type of school activity allows teachers to concentrate on learning opportunities and the students involved. It also leaves me to spend more time designing an awesome Space Challenge! Streamline project management in your school Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask

Critical Analysis of Systems Companies Financial Statements

INANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS Financial Ratio Analysis William F. Slater, III ACC 529 – Accounting for Managerial Decision Making University of Phoenix Week 5 Assignment for ePortfolio Michael Greenen, C.P.A, C.F.P. - Instructor July 1, 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Memorandum Profitability of Sample Company Sample Company ROI for 2000 Sample Company ROI for 2001 Stock Performance Activity of Sample Company Leverage of Sample Company Liquidity of Sample Company What Is Necessary to Assess the Company? What Ratios Have the Most Value? What Other Factors, Beyond Ratios, Need To Be Considered? How†¦show more content†¦| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Systems Company ROI for 2008 | | |ROI | = |MARGIN |x |TURNOVER | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OPERATING INCOME | = |Operating Income |x |Sales | | | | | | | | | | | | |Input: |924 | = |924 |x |10,359 | | | |Result:|10.7% | = |8.9% |x |1.20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | At over 55.1%, the increase in ROI between 2007 and 2008 is remarkable and shows that Systems Company Plc increased its sales while increasing the utilization of itsShow MoreRelatedApplication For Making An Organization Context1719 Words   |  7 Pages bar chart will be used to analyze information. Question for the CR Which food you like in the restaurant CR has targeted almost all classed people as their target customers. On this basis, they have manufactured their products. From the product analysis, it has been clear that people like various types of food in the restaurant and they are willing to buy well for with a high price. 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Violence in Sports - 1840 Words

Level 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where you are in the world, when you ask someone what they know of NZ, they will respond with either â€Å"kiwi†, â€Å"green† or â€Å"rugby/All Blacks.† The main idea of my essay is that violence in sport is becoming too violent so is therefore ruining the game. The aim of my essay is to evaluate how rugby and violence in sport are impacted and related and if violence in sport is ruining rugby in NZ. 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YES There should be nothing violent about sporting, yet today violent sports has so dominated   the entertainment arena, that some people seems to live by it, and cant get enough of it. These kinds of sports however, should be banned for several reasons.   Violence begets violence, and once there are  limited restrictions, generations after generations will be caught in aRead MoreDeviance in Hockey2210 Words   |  9 PagesViolence in ice hockey has been an identifying staple in the sport since â€Å"the first hockey leagues formed in the mid-1880’s,† (Ice Hockey Origins, Growth and Changes in the Game). Since the modern era of hockey, and the creation of the Stanley Cup, hockey has been viewed as one of the most violent sports in western civilization. Clarence Campbell, former NHL President has even said that â€Å"[w]ithout violence, there would be no such thing as hockey,† (Coakley). To an extent hockey is unmatched in illegal

Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems Free Essays

string(151) " view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s\." We gratefully acknowledge the assistance given to us by many people in this research project. More specifically, we would like to thank Mr Ahmad Rasidi Hazizi, Consul-General of Malaysia in Hong Kong, Dato Zaninol Abidn Bin Abd. Rashid, General Secretary of the Ministry of Human Resources, Mr Shamsuddin Bardan, Executive Director of the Malaysian Employers Federation, Mr Zainal Rampak, President of the Malaysian Trades Union Congress and Dr William K. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now M. LEE, Associate Professor of Department of Politics Sociology, Lingnan University.In particular, we would like to express our gratitude to Prof Chang Chak Yan, Director of the Research Programme on Ethnicity and Overseas Chinese Economics, Lingnan University for his kind assistance. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. There is no unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. The Government is of the view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s. You read "Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems" in category "Papers"Hence, there does not appear a need to establish an unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. Related welfare benefits in Malaysia include severance pay, benefits for old age, disability, death, employment injury and invalidity. However, no cash assistance is made to the unemployed under the relevant schemes. Malaysia also runs a programme to eradicate poverty. Households which suffer from poverty, whether or not it is caused by unemployment, can apply for assistance under the programme, subject to a means-test.This may secure the basic needs of the unemployed but the programme is not unemployment-specific. 2. 3. 4. UNEMPLOYMENT-RELATED BENEFITS SYSTEMS IN MALAYSIA PART 1 – INTRODUCTION 1. Background 1. 1 In October 1999, the Panel on Manpower and the Penal on Welfare Services requested the Research and Library Services (RLS) Division of the Legislative Council (LegCo) Secretariat to conduct a study on unemployment-related benefits systems. 2. 2. 1 Objectives and Scope The objectives of the study are: ! ! ! o examine the experience of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Malaysia, South Korea, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) in implementing their unemployment-related benefits systems; to outline the research findings of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in unemployment benefits systems; and to make an overall comparative analysis of the experience in the above places in implementing their unemployment-related benefits systems, and study current provisions in h elping the unemployed in Hong Kong. .The scope of the research, as agreed by the Panels, covers ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! historical development; main features and components; eligibility requirements; types of benefits and amounts; duration of payment of benefits; tax treatment of the benefits; source of funds for the benefits; and administration of the unemployment-related benefits systems. Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 2. 3 In this report, we focus on the experience of Malaysia. Although Malaysia s a member country of the International Labour Organization, it has not ratified any of the three conventions concerning unemployment benefits1. 2. 4 This report is part of the series of studies discussing unemploymentrelated benefits systems. There are 11 separate research reports (RP13/99-00 to RP23/99-00) on this subject. 2. 5 In this research, â€Å"unemployment-related benefits† refer to unemployment benefits and related welfare benefits. Unemployment benefits comprise unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance. Unemployment benefits are available to the unemployed only.In other words, these benefits are not available to people who are not unemployed. The recipient must be currently unemployed, able to work, willing to work and looking for work. Where there are no unemployment benefits or where these benefits are exhausted, welfare benefits may be made available to provide subsistence for those in need. These related welfare benefits, as defined in the 1996 OECD study of â€Å"benefit systems and work incentives†, include family benefits, housing benefits, child-care benefits and social assistance.They are made available to all citizens subject to a means-test, and are not specifically targeted at the unemployed. 3. Methodology 3. 1 This study involves a combination of information collection, literature review and analysis. Requests for the necessary information have also been obtained from the Malaysian Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity, Ministry of Human Resources, the Malaysia Trades Union Congress (MTUC) and the Malaysian Employers Federation. This research report is based on the information obtained from these sources. . 2 In this report, we use the 1999 average exchange rate of RM1 = HK$2. 04 to convert the Malaysian Ringgit into Hong Kong dollar. 2 1 2 Ensuring Benefit or Allowances to the Involuntarily Unemployed Convention, 1934 (No. 44), Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), and Employment Promotion and Protection (Unemployment) Convention, 1988 (No. 168). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, February 2000, p. 117. Research and Library Services Division page 2 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 2 – UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA 4. Background 4. 1 In 1999, Malaysia had a population of 22 million, of which nine million were active labour. The unemployment rate ranged from 2. 4% to 3. 2% for the past five years. The government estimates the figure to be 3% in 2000. There were 270 300 persons unemployed in 1999. Table 1 shows unemployment statistics of Malaysia for the past five years. Table 1 – Unemployment in Malaysia 1995 Labour force (‘000) Unemployment Rate (%) Unemployed Persons (‘000) Source: 996 8 641. 4 2. 5 216. 0 1997 9 038. 2 2. 4 216. 9 1998 8 880. 9 3. 2 284. 1 1999 9 010. 0 3. 0 270. 3 8 256. 6 3. 1 256. 0 Economic Reports, Ministry of Finance, Malaysia 4. 2 The Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates ranged from seven to nine percent in the past ten years. The GDP at current prices in 1999 was RM299. 68 billion (HK$611. 35 billion) while the per capita GDP was RM13,622 (HK$27,789). 5. Unemployment Benefits System 5. 1 There is no unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. 5. The Government is of the view that it has maintained a suitable investment environment in Malaysia which has enabled Malaysia to achieve full employment since the late 1980s. Hence, there does not appear to be a need to establish an unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance system dedicated to helping the unemployed in Malaysia. Research and Library Services Division page 3 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 3 – WELFARE BENEFITS SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA 6. Severance Pay 6. 1 In Malaysia both the employers and the employees regard severance pay as a form of unemployment-related benefit. . 2 All workers whose earnings do not exceed RM1,500 a month and all manual workers irrespective of their earnings are covered under the Employment Act 1955 which provides for severance pay. Severance pay in Malaysia is known as retrenchment benefits, or termination and lay-off benefits, which are paid at the following rates: ! 10 days wages for each year of service for employment shorter than two years; 15 days wages for each year of service for employment longer than two years but shorter than five years; and 20 days wages for each year of service for employment of five years or longer. ! ! 6. It is expected that the severance pay would be sufficient to meet the basic needs of an unemployed worker until he finds the next job. However, it should be noted that severance pay is not equivalent to unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance as defined in paragraph 2. 5 above. Payment of severance pay does not require the employer or the recipient employee to have made prior contrib utions; neither does it require the recipient employee to be able to work, willing to work and looking for work in order to receive payment. Severance pay is made to an employee solely on the basis of termination of contract by the employer. . Employees Provident Fund 7. 1 This fund provides benefits for old age, disability and death. It also provides members of the fund who have savings in their accounts to pay for medical treatment of critical illness or to pay for the medical treatment of their spouse, children and parents. However, it does not provide cash assistance to any employee who is temporarily and involuntarily out of work and who is looking for work at the same time. Details of the Employee Provident Fund are at Appendix I. Research and Library Services Division page 4 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 8. Work Injury Insurance 8. 1 In Malaysia work injury insurance is treated as a kind of employmentrelated benefit. The Social Security Organization (or SOCSO), a statutory body, administers payment of benefits under the Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme. These schemes provide benefits to workers in cases of employment injury and invalidity. Hence, although these two schemes are not unemployment-specific, an unemployed worker who was injured or who has become invalid during his immediate past employment may receive benefits under these schemes.Details of these two schemes are at Appendix II. 9. Services for the Poor 9. 1 The Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity runs a programme to relieve destitution. Under the Destitute Person Act 1977, a family is categorized as poor if the household monthly income of the family is less than RM460 (HK$938). Families who suffer from poverty due to unemployment, amongst other causes such as old age, illness and disability, may apply for assistance under this programme. According to available statistics, the number of people who would be categorized as poor in Malaysia is around 5. % (1. 2 million) out of the total population of 22 million. 9. 2 The poverty eradication programme provides the following assistance, which may be in cash or in kind: Table 2 – Services for the Poor Federal Scheme ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Assistance for children Assistance for the elderly Allowance for the disabled workers Launching grants Assistance for artificial aids / spectacles Public assistance* School aids* Assistance to youth* (apprenticeship) Natural disaster relief ? ? ? ? State Scheme** Public assistance School aids Job training apprenticeship allowance Natural disaster reliefRemarks: * ** Source: available only in Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur except Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan Homepage of Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity, Malaysia Research and Library Services Division page 5 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia 9. 3 We have asked for details about the above programme but we have been unable to rec eive a reply from the Ministry of Social Welfare and National Unity as of the date of the publication of this report.Research and Library Services Division page 6 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia PART 4 – PROPOSAL FOR A NATIONAL RETRENCHMENT SCHEME 10. 1 In February 1998 the Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC) proposed the establishment of a National Retrenchment Scheme (NRS) to provide benefits to unemployed workers who do not receive any compensation from their employers. This proposal was made against the background of half of the claims to severance pay having been denied in 1998 owing to bankruptcy of the employer. The proposed NRS shows some characteristics of an unemployment insurance scheme, such as being contributory in nature, and with qualifying conditions on the eligibility of the recipients and the duration of payment of benefits. Payment are detailed as follows: ! Both employers and employees are each to contribute RM1 (HK$2. 04) per month; Only unemployed workers can receive benefits after having been unemployed for more than three months; An unemployed worker may receive the benefits until he finds a new job; and Once a retrenched worker receives a job offer but refuses to accept it, he would no longer be entitled to the benefits. ! ! 10. 2 The Malaysian Employers Federation (MEF) opposed the proposed NRS because it considered that the present legislation provided sufficient protection to the unemployed and that it would be unfair for all employers to shoulder the misfortune of a few employers. In addition, the MEF considered that the proposed NRS would increase labour cost, which in turn would increase production cost, and would discourage investment in Malaysia. 10. 3 In early 1999, the Malaysian Cabinet directed the Ministry of Human Resources to study the possible implementation of the NRS, reversing an earlier decision to reject the proposal.Having completed the study in July 1999, the Ministry of Human Resources announced that the proposal would be shelved for some time as the economy had shown signs of picking up and that there appeared no imminent need to establish any unemployment insurance scheme. No definite decision has been made on the proposal since. Research and Library Services Division page 7 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Appendix I Employees Provident Fund 1. Under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1951, it is compulsory for all employers and employees to contribute towards this Fund.The employer’s contribution is 12% and the employee’s contribution is 11% his monthly wages. General supervision is by Ministry of Finance and management is by a tripartite gover ning Board, consisting of representatives of the employer, the employee and the Government. Exemptions 2. The following categories of workers are exempted from the EPF Act: ! ! ! ! Expatriates; Domestic servants; Self-employed workers (but can elect to contribute); Out-workers (persons who do cleaning, alteration repair works, etc. ); Persons detained in custody, e. g. prisoners; Pensioners. ! ! Withdrawal of EPF 3.Withdrawal of EPF can be made in four circumstances: ! Upon the death of a contributor, his nominee can make a claim to EPF; Any contributor who attains the age of 55 years (old age benefit); Any contributor who leaves the country permanently; Any contributor on medical grounds subject to approval by a medical board. ! ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 8 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Qualifying conditions for withdrawal of EPF contributions 4. made: Four conditions must be fulfilled before withdrawal of the EPF can be !The contributor must have contributed to the EPF for at least five years; The first category of old age benefits, which is equivalent to 60% of his contribution, cannot be withdrawn until age 55; The second category of housing benefits, which is equivalent to 30% of his contribution, can be withdrawn for purposes of purchase of a first residential house or a shophouse cum residential unit; the balance may be withdrawn at age 50; The third category of medical benefits, which is equivalent to 10% of his contribution, can be withdrawn for medical purposes including critical illnesses such as treatment of cancer, heart problems, etc. pproved by the tripartite governing Board. ! ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 9 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Appendix II Social Security Organization (or SOCSO): Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme 1. The Social Security Organization (SOCSO) Act 1969 requires firms with one or more employees whose individual earnings do not exceed RM1,000 (HK$2,040) a month to register with SOCSO. Exemptions !Any persons whose wages exceed RM2,000 a month but who has never been covered; Any person whose employment is of a casual nature and not for purposes of the industry; Domestic servants; Employees who have attained the age of 55 years only for purposes of invalidity but if they continue to work they should be covered under the Employment Injury Insurance Scheme; Foreign workers; Government servants; Self-employed. ! ! ! ! ! ! Qualifying Conditions ! Minimum contribution of 24 months. For those who have made at least 12 monthly contributions, they are entitled to Invalidity Grant. Be less than 55 years of age at the time of invalidity or death.Invalidity must be determined by the Medical Board or Appellate Medical Board. ! ! Research and Library Services Division page 10 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Employment Injury Insurance Scheme Contribution Employer’s contribution Employee’s contribution Coverage Industrial accidents; Occupational diseases; Travelling accidents Benefits Temporary Benefit Disablement 1. 25% of monthly wage Nil employee Invalidity Pension Scheme 0. 5% of employee monthly wage 0. 5% of employee monthly wage Invalidity or death from whatever cause Invalidity Pension Min. RM250 (HK$510)/month Max. RM1,268 (HK$2,587)/month (50% 65% of his average monthly wage, depending on the total number of contributions) Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day, Max. RM52 (HK$106)/day Permanent Disablement Benefit Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day; Max. 90% of the average assumed daily wage Dependant’s Benefit Min. RM10 (HK$20)/day; Max. 90% of the average assumed daily wage Survivor’s Pension Min. RM250(HK$510)/month Max. RM1,268 (HK$2,587)/month (50% 65% of his average monthly wage, depending on the total number of contributions) — Research and Library Services Division page 11 Legislative Council SecretariatUnemployment-Related Benefits Systems in Malaysia Employment Injury Insurance Scheme Medical Care According to Government Hospital rates or SOCSO’s Panel Clinic Funeral Benefit Lump sum payment of RM1,500 (HK$3,060) Constant-Attendance Allowance 40% of the daily rate of permanent total disablement benefit; max. RM500 (HK$1,020) Rehabilitation Benefit Facilities for vocational and physical rehabilitation Education Benefit A dependant child of an insured person receiving permanent Disablement benefit/Dependant Benefit/Invalidity Pension/Survivor’s Pension, below 21 years of age who is studying in a local institution of higher learningInvalidity Pension Scheme — Funeral Benefit Lump sum payment of RM1,500 (HK$3,060) Constant-Attendance Allowance 40% of the daily rate of Invalidity Pension Max. RM500 (HK$1,020)/month Rehabilitation Benefit Facilities for vocational and physical rehabilitation Education Benefit A dependant child of an insured person receiving permanent Disablement benefit/Dependant Benefit/Invalidity Pension/Survivor’s Pension, below 21 years of age who is studying in a local institution of higher learningSource: Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia home page at Research and Library Services Division page 12 Legislative Council Secretariat Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems in MalaysiaReferences Websites 1. 2. 3. http://www. kempadu. gov. my/ http://www. jaring. my/ http://www. mtuc. org. my/ Research and Library Services Division page 13 How to cite Unemployment-Related Benefits Systems, Papers

Role of Women in the Society an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Role of Women in the Society Women must have the most complicated cluster in the society. The past few decades have defined the meaning of womanhood which gave the society an idea on the essence of women in domesticity alone. This meaning, however, has put women in the pedestal and while it placed them in the marginalized sector of the society. If men 's function is to provide for the family, women on the other hand, still have no permanent role. This is the reason, most probably, why the society still has the same connotation about women and the perception remains vague even after centuries of existence. Need essay sample on "Role of Women in the Society" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The society oftentimes views women merely based on what the culture has taught them. Unfortunately, history and culture dressed and named women based on how the people wanted women to function in the society. As women portrayed the role of the oppressed and vulnerable, this image gave the society the negative perception. Women lived in a world full of double standards and expectations from them. The society expects them to play the role of a wife to her husband and a mother to her children by taking care of the family 's domestic needs. Moreover, the society scrutinizes how women would take care of their bodies and physical appearance and how they present themselves. Women have become the symbol of beauty and domesticity, which at the same manner, also become the measurement of their womanhood. In the poem Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy, the misconception of women about their looks was presented. The fancy and materialistic world gives young women an idea of unrealistic societal norms of feminine beauty. The poem described how people expect women to have a standard physical feature in order to fit in the society. And as such, physical beauty has defined womanhood. Unfortunately, most of the women in the society are trying to conform to the standard physical features set by the people for women. The poem shows how the society expects a girl to possess the desired qualities of female using the Barbie Doll as an ideal image. A Barbie Doll possesses a perfect body shape and flawless facial beauty. The girl in the poem died and only then the society viewed her as pretty because she was wearing a make-up and lingerie in colors pink and white that represented purity and femininity. This tragic story of a lady in the poem symbolizes how women make themselves pleasing and adorable in t he watchful eyes of society (Piercy, 1999). On the other hand, the unequal and uncivil treatment of women in marriages was presented in short story Sweat. It is a short story of a woman who had been doing domestic work for his wife and for other people in the community. One of the functions of women is domesticity. And as such, this story presents how women are treated by their husbands and how the society perceived them as wives and as women. This story also shows how the society deprived women of their rights by making them serve their husbands, while doing service for the entire community. Women also experience spousal abuse, but this was always considered as personal matters that should be fixed by the couple alone. Sweat reveals the disturbing role of women in the society in times when all their grievances were still kept and remained unheard. However, the main character symbolizes how women endured the hardships of being married to a husband who no longer treats her as a wife and emerged brave in facing the society that views her as hapless (Hurston& Wall, 1997). Moreover, in the novel Siddharta by Hermann Hesse, the author gave another brief account of the society 's perception about women. Kamala, the female character in the book portrays a lady who taught Siddharta about physical love and served as his guide in finding the person who gave him an idea about business. In this book, women were presented as flirtatious and demanding because Kamala requested Siddhartha to offer her nice clothes, shoes, and money before she gave him what he really wanted from her. It shows that women should be given material things first before men can win their affection. Although, Kamala showed her concern for Siddhartha by helping him fulfill his needs and assisting him to discover his skills, women are still perceived in negative way because of how Kamala was portrayed in the novel (Hesse, 1957). These three stories are just examples of how the society views women. The way the society views women in physical, emotional, and marital aspect has become the constructed reality for women that always leave them with two choices, either to conform or to evade the standard. Unfortunately, women 's beauty, body and domesticity have been the measurement in recognizing the importance of women 's role in the society. References Hesse, H. (1957). Siddhartha. New York: New Directions Publishing. Hurston, Z. N.& Wall, C. A. (1997). Sweat. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press Piercy, M. (1999). Barbie Doll. In Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal : an Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture (pp. 36-37). USA: Universal Publishers.